80 8 Eng Meaning

 Unit 1  

  tour /tʊə(r)/ – traveling to a place to learn about it

  educational /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl/ – related to learning

  Central /ˈsentrəl/ – in the middle

  Zoo /zuː/ – a place where animals are kept for people to see

  Jawalakhel (Non-English, kept as is)

  Lalitpur (Non-English, kept as is)

  scheduled /ˈʃedjuːld/ – planned to happen at a certain time

  arrive /əˈraɪv/ – to get to a place

  board /bɔːd/ – to get onto a bus or plane

  attendance /əˈtendəns/ – being present

  reach /riːtʃ/ – to get to a place

  form /fɔːm/ – to make or create

  group /ɡruːp/ – a number of people or things together

  enter /ˈentə(r)/ – to go into

  explore /ɪkˈsplɔː(r)/ – to look around and learn about something

  return /rɪˈtɜːn/ – to go back

  classroom /ˈklɑːsruːm/ – a room for teaching and learning

  grand /ɡrænd/ – big and important

  discussion /dɪˈskʌʃn/ – talking about something seriously

  birds /bɜːdz/ – animals with feathers and wings

  reptiles /ˈreptaɪlz/ – animals like snakes or lizards

  mammals /ˈmæməlz/ – animals that feed their babies milk

  amphibians /æmˈfɪbiənz/ – animals that live on land and in water

  guidelines /ˈɡaɪdlaɪnz/ – rules or advice

  teacher /ˈtiːtʃə(r)/ – a person who teaches

  column /ˈkɒləm/ – a vertical list

  visit /ˈvɪzɪt/ – going to see a place or person

  large /lɑːdʒ/ – big

  important /ɪmˈpɔːtnt/ – special or needed

  land /lænd/ – the ground, not water

  water /ˈwɔːtə(r)/ – the liquid we drink

  time /taɪm/ – when something happens

  reach /riːtʃ/ – to arrive somewhere

  twice /twaɪs/ – two times

  contact /ˈkɒntækt/ – to communicate

  exciting /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ – very interesting

  activity /ækˈtɪvəti/ – something you do

  pronounce /prəˈnaʊns/ – to say words

  stress /stres/ – the strong part of a word

  attendance /əˈtendəns/ – being present (again)

  arrange /əˈreɪndʒ/ – to plan

  arrival /əˈraɪvl/ – getting to a place

  inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/ – to tell someone something

  speaking /ˈspiːkɪŋ/ – talking

  act /ækt/ – to do something

  dialogue /ˈdaɪəlɒɡ/ – conversation between two people

  national /ˈnæʃnəl/ – relating to a country

  museum /mjuˈziːəm/ – a place where old or important things are shown

  month /mʌnθ/ – about 30 days

  Monday /ˈmʌndeɪ/ – the first day of the week

  sorry /ˈsɒri/ – feeling bad for a mistake

  quite /kwaɪt/ – completely or a little

  of course /əv kɔːs/ – surely, definitely

  pair /peə(r)/ – two people

  situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/ – a condition or case

  cost /kɒst/ – price

  appointment /əˈpɔɪntmənt/ – a meeting at a set time

  dentist /ˈdentɪst/ – a tooth doctor

  sugar /ˈʃʊɡə(r)/ – sweet food

  hospital /ˈhɒspɪtl/ – a place for sick people

  bought /bɔːt/ – past form of buy

  mobile /ˈməʊbaɪl/ – able to move or relating to mobile phone

  rescue /ˈreskjuː/ – to save

  victim /ˈvɪktɪm/ – someone who is hurt

  win /wɪn/ – to get first place

  drive /draɪv/ – to operate a car

  help /help/ – to assist

  suggest /səˈdʒest/ – to give an idea

  solution /səˈluːʃn/ – the answer to a problem

  social work /ˈsəʊʃl wɜːk/ – helping people in society

  park /pɑːk/ – a public green area

  party /ˈpɑːti/ – a celebration

  cup /kʌp/ – a small bowl for drinking

  far /fɑː(r)/ – at a long distance

  tea /tiː/ – a hot drink

  situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn/ – a condition (repeated for emphasis)

  negation /nɪˈɡeɪʃn/ – saying no

  read /riːd/ – to look at words and understand

  glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ – eyeglasses

  rather /ˈrɑːðə(r)/ – preferably

  picture /ˈpɪktʃə(r)/ – an image

  audio /ˈɔːdiəʊ/ – sound recording

  daily /ˈdeɪli/ – every day

  activity /ækˈtɪvəti/ – thing you do (repeat for importance)

  request /rɪˈkwest/ – asking for something

  letter /ˈletə(r)/ – a written message

  grateful /ˈɡreɪtfl/ – feeling thankful

  successful /səkˈsesfl/ – doing well

  establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ – to set up

  overjoyed /ˌəʊvəˈdʒɔɪd/ – very happy

  provides /prəˈvaɪdz/ – gives

  devices /dɪˈvaɪsɪz/ – machines or tools

  gain /ɡeɪn/ – to get

  technological /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ – related to technology

  knowledge /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ – information or learning

  admirable /ˈædmərəbl/ – very good and respected

  sufficient /səˈfɪʃnt/ – enough

  accomplishing /əˈkʌmplɪʃɪŋ/ – achieving something

  goal /ɡəʊl/ – aim

  lacking /ˈlækɪŋ/ – not having enough

  equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ – tools needed for something

  necessary /ˈnesəsəri/ – needed

  software /ˈsɒftweə(r)/ – programs used by computers

  installed /ɪnˈstɔːld/ – put in place

  limits /ˈlɪmɪts/ – controls or stops

  internet /ˈɪntənet/ – worldwide network of computers

  access /ˈækses/ – to get to something

  vast /vɑːst/ – very large

  world /wɜːld/ – the earth

  faithfully /ˈfeɪθfəli/ – in a loyal way

  scrambled /ˈskræmbld/ – mixed up

  admire /ədˈmaɪə(r)/ – to respect

  tools /tuːlz/ – things used to work

  amount /əˈmaʊnt/ – quantity

  programme /ˈprəʊɡræm/ – planned series of actions

  problem /ˈprɒbləm/ – something difficult

  affecting /əˈfektɪŋ/ – changing something

  sentence /ˈsentəns/ – a group of words

  present /ˈpreznt/ – happening now

  example /ɪɡˈzɑːmpl/ – something to show what you mean

  laundry /ˈlɔːndri/ – washing clothes

  gift /ɡɪft/ – a present

  neighbour /ˈneɪbə(r)/ – someone living near you

  rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/ – to practice

  demanding /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/ – needing a lot of effort

Unit 2  

  city /ˈsɪti/ — a large town

  boy /bɔɪ/ — a male child

  parents /ˈpeərənts/ — a mother and a father

  grandparents /ˈɡrænpeərənts/ — parents of your parents

  far /fɑːr/ — a long distance away

  house /haʊs/ — a building to live in

  summer /ˈsʌmə(r)/ — the hot season

  holidays /ˈhɒlədeɪz/ — days when you don’t go to school or work

  year /jɪə(r)/ — twelve months

  visiting /ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ/ — going to see someone

  time /taɪm/ — minutes or hours passing

  grew /ɡruː/ — got bigger or older

  alone /əˈləʊn/ — by yourself

  okay /əʊˈkeɪ/ — fine or good

  own /əʊn/ — belonging to oneself

  insisted /ɪnˈsɪstɪd/ — kept asking strongly

  finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ — at last

  agreed /əˈɡriːd/ — said yes

  worried /ˈwʌrid/ — feeling afraid something bad might happen

  safety /ˈseɪfti/ — being safe

  taught /tɔːt/ — gave lessons

  travelling /ˈtrævəlɪŋ/ — going from one place to another

  enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/ — to have fun

  stay /steɪ/ — to live temporarily

  stuff /stʌf/ — things

  mother /ˈmʌðə(r)/ — your mom

  goggles /ˈɡɒɡlz/ — glasses to protect eyes when swimming

  suit /suːt/ — clothes for special use

  swimming /ˈswɪmɪŋ/ — moving in water

  worry /ˈwʌri/ — to feel afraid something bad may happen

  loved /lʌvd/ — liked very much

  gifts /ɡɪfts/ — presents

  sunglasses /ˈsʌnɡlæsɪz/ — glasses to block the Sun

  mufflers /ˈmʌfləz/ — warm scarves

  smiled /smaɪld/ — made a happy face

  idea /aɪˈdɪə/ — a thought or plan

  leave /liːv/ — to go away

  see off /ˈsiː ɒf/ — say goodbye at a place

  comfortably /ˈkʌmftəbli/ — feeling relaxed

  settled /ˈsetld/ — made yourself comfortable

  berth /bɜːθ/ — a bed on a train

  train /treɪn/ — a transport that runs on tracks

  depart /dɪˈpɑːt/ — to leave

  window /ˈwɪndəʊ/ — glass in the wall

  handed /ˈhændɪd/ — gave something

  envelope /ˈenvələʊp/ — a paper cover for letters

  afraid /əˈfreɪd/ — feeling fear

  scared /skeəd/ — frightened

  way /weɪ/ — path or route

  calm /kɑːm/ — peaceful

  pocket /ˈpɒkɪt/ — a small pouch in clothes

  goodbye /ˌɡʊdˈbaɪ/ — farewell

  departure /dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ — the act of leaving

  announcement /əˈnaʊnsmənt/ — information said publicly

  signal /ˈsɪɡnəl/ — a sign to act

  station /ˈsteɪʃn/ — a place where trains stop

  observing /əbˈzɜːvɪŋ/ — watching carefully

  lonely /ˈləʊnli/ — feeling alone and sad

  compartment /kəmˈpɑːtmənt/ — a section in a train

  big /bɪɡ/ — large in size

  sleep /sliːp/ — rest with eyes closed

  thinking /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ — using your mind

  remembered /rɪˈmembə(r)/ — thought again

  lit up /lɪt ʌp/ — became bright and happy

  fear /fɪə(r)/ — a strong feeling of being scared

  vanished /ˈvænɪʃt/ — disappeared

  next /nekst/ — beside something

  gave /ɡeɪv/ — past of give

  protect /prəˈtekt/ — to keep safe

  eyes /aɪz/ — parts of the body used for seeing

  pair /peə(r)/ — two things together

  place /pleɪs/ — an area or spot

  leave /liːv/ — to go away

  section /ˈsekʃn/ — a part of something

  thick /θɪk/ — wide from one side to the other

  neck /nek/ — the part between your head and body

  disappeared /ˌdɪsəˈpɪəd/ — went out of sight

  demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/ — to ask strongly

  group /ɡruːp/ — a collection of people or things

  remarks /rɪˈmɑːks/ — things said

  speaker /ˈspiːkə(r)/ — a person who speaks

  purpose /ˈpɜːpəs/ — a reason for something

  return /rɪˈtɜːn/ — to come back

  loving /ˈlʌvɪŋ/ — full of love

  caring /ˈkeərɪŋ/ — showing kindness

  relaxed /rɪˈlækst/ — calm and not worried

  honest /ˈɒnɪst/ — truthful

  health /helθ/ — how healthy someone is

  hospital /ˈhɒspɪtl/ — a place for sick people

  dragon /ˈdræɡən/ — a big flying lizard in stories

  glasses /ˈɡlɑːsɪz/ — things worn to help you see

  compass /ˈkʌmpəs/ — tool to draw circles

  notebook /ˈnəʊtbʊk/ — a book for writing notes

  juice /dʒuːs/ — liquid from fruits

  rest /rest/ — relaxing and not working

  correct /kəˈrekt/ — right or true

  statement /ˈsteɪtmənt/ — something said or written

  question /ˈkwestʃən/ — something asked

  study /ˈstʌdi/ — to learn

  zoo /zuː/ — a place with animals

  cook /kʊk/ — to make food

  draw /drɔː/ — to make pictures

  Saturday /ˈsætədeɪ/ — the sixth day of the week

  wear /weə(r)/ — to have clothes on

  aeroplane /ˈeərəpleɪn/ — a flying vehicle

  rewrite /ˌriːˈraɪt/ — to write again

  spend /spend/ — to use money

  smart /smɑːt/ — clever or well-dressed

  early /ˈɜːli/ — before the usual time

  poor /pɔː(r)/ — having little money

  shoemaker /ˈʃuːmeɪkə(r)/ — a person who makes shoes

  small /smɔːl/ — not big

  house /haʊs/ — a building to live in

  tough /tʌf/ — hard or difficult

  bread /bred/ — food made from flour

  dream /driːm/ — to hope or wish

  money /ˈmʌni/ — coins or paper used to buy things

  leather /ˈleðə(r)/ — animal skin material

  market /ˈmɑːkɪt/ — a place to buy and sell

  cut /kʌt/ — to divide using something sharp

  rich /rɪtʃ/ — having a lot of money

  weeks /wiːks/ — seven days

  elves /elvz/ — small magical people

  beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/ — very pretty

  mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ — a wrong thing done

  change /tʃeɪndʒ/ — to become different

  young /jʌŋ/ — not old

  world /wɜːld/ — the Earth

  difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ — hard to do

  nation /ˈneɪʃn/ — a country

  town /taʊn/ — a small city

  family /ˈfæməli/ — parents and children together

  old /əʊld/ — not young

  impact /ˈɪmpækt/ — a strong effect

  focus /ˈfəʊkəs/ — to pay attention

  delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ — very tasty

  excessive /ɪkˈsesɪv/ — too much

  mental /ˈmentl/ — relating to the mind

  approaching /əˈprəʊtʃɪŋ/ — coming closer

  exam /ɪɡˈzæm/ — a test

  poem /ˈpəʊɪm/ — a piece of writing with rhythm

  celebrating /ˈselɪbreɪtɪŋ/ — enjoying a special day

  auditorium /ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriəm/ — a large hall for events

  lunch /lʌntʃ/ — a midday meal

  rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/ — to practice

  practise /ˈpræktɪs/ — to do again and again

  positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ — good or hopeful

  immense /ɪˈmens/ — very large

  pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/ — a happy feeling

  programme /ˈprəʊɡræm/ — an event plan

  coordinator /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtə(r)/ — person who organizes activities

  short /ʃɔːt/ — not long

  organizing /ˈɔːɡənaɪzɪŋ/ — arranging things

  participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ — a person who takes part

  red /red/ — a bright color

  saree /ˈsɑːri/ — a dress worn by women

  washing machine /ˈwɒʃɪŋ məˌʃiːn/ — a machine to wash clothes

  drawer /drɔː(r)/ — a box in furniture for keeping things

  email /ˈiːmeɪl/ — sending letters on a computer

  permission /pəˈmɪʃn/ — allowing someone to do something

  positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ — hopeful

  response /rɪˈspɒns/ — a reply

  reply /rɪˈplaɪ/ — an answer

  borrow /ˈbɒrəʊ/ — to use something not yours

  mobile phone /ˈməʊbaɪl fəʊn/ — a portable phone

  acceptable /əkˈseptəbl/ — good enough

  allowed /əˈlaʊd/ — permitted

  excuse /ɪkˈskjuːs/ — to forgive or allow

  possible /ˈpɒsəbl/ — able to happen

  wondering /ˈwʌndərɪŋ/ — thinking curiously

  borrowing /ˈbɒrəʊɪŋ/ — using for some time

  culture /ˈkʌltʃə(r)/ — the way of life of people

  celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/ — a party or event for something good

  switch /swɪtʃ/ — to turn something on or off

  fan /fæn/ — a machine that moves air

  partner /ˈpɑːtnə(r)/ — someone you work with

  glass /ɡlɑːs/ — a container for drinking

  hotter /ˈhɒtə(r)/ — more hot

  relatively /ˈrelətɪvli/ — compared to something

  washing /ˈwɒʃɪŋ/ — cleaning with water

  practice /ˈpræktɪs/ — to do again to get better

  auditorium /ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriəm/ — hall for an audience

  rehearsal /rɪˈhɜːsl/ — practicing a performance

  permission /pəˈmɪʃn/ — the act of allowing

  short /ʃɔːt/ — not long

  positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ — good feeling

  programme /ˈprəʊɡræm/ — planned event

  celebrating /ˈselɪbreɪtɪŋ/ — rejoicing

  hall /hɔːl/ — a big room

  cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ — related to culture

  lunchtime /ˈlʌntʃtaɪm/ — the time for lunch

  event /ɪˈvent/ — an important happening

  jubilee /ˈdʒuːbɪli/ — a special anniversary

  crowd /kraʊd/ — a large group of people

  organiser /ˈɔːɡənaɪzə(r)/ — person who plans an event

  reception /rɪˈsepʃn/ — a welcoming event

  stage /steɪdʒ/ — a raised floor for performances

  microphone /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/ — a device to make sound louder

  audience /ˈɔːdiəns/ — people watching a show

  cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/ — happy and smiling

Unit 3  

  getting /ˈɡetɪŋ/ — starting to do something

  started /ˈstɑːtɪd/ — began something

  study /ˈstʌdi/ — to learn carefully

  pictures /ˈpɪktʃəz/ — drawings or photos

  talk /tɔːk/ — to speak with someone

  requesting /rɪˈkwestɪŋ/ — asking for something politely

  answer /ˈɑːnsə(r)/ — to reply to a question

  questions /ˈkwestʃənz/ — sentences asking for information

  think /θɪŋk/ — to use your mind to imagine or decide

  announcements /əˈnaʊnsmənts/ — public information shared aloud

  generally /ˈdʒenrəli/ — usually

  made /meɪd/ — created or done

  public /ˈpʌblɪk/ — for everyone to see or hear

  ladies /ˈleɪdiz/ — women

  gentlemen /ˈdʒentlmən/ — men

  welcome /ˈwelkəm/ — a polite greeting

  flight /flaɪt/ — a journey by air

  line /laɪn/ — a row or queue

  takeoff /ˈteɪkɒf/ — when a plane leaves the ground

  expected /ɪkˈspektɪd/ — believed something will happen

  approximately /əˈprɒksɪmətli/ — about, around

  fasten /ˈfɑːsn/ — to tie or close tightly

  seatbelts /ˈsiːtbelt/ — safety belts in cars or planes

  secure /sɪˈkjʊə(r)/ — to make safe

  baggage /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/ — bags and suitcases

  underneath /ˌʌndəˈniːθ/ — under something

  seat /siːt/ — a chair to sit on

  overhead /ˌəʊvəˈhed/ — above your head

  compartments /kəmˈpɑːtmənts/ — storage spaces

  upright /ˈʌpraɪt/ — standing straight up

  position /pəˈzɪʃn/ — place or way something is arranged

  gadgets /ˈɡædʒɪts/ — small electronic devices

  laptops /ˈlæptɒps/ — portable computers

  mobile phones /ˈməʊbaɪl fəʊnz/ — handheld telephones

  smoking /ˈsməʊkɪŋ/ — breathing smoke from cigarettes

  strictly /ˈstrɪktli/ — strongly, without exceptions

  prohibited /prəˈhɪbɪtɪd/ — not allowed

  choosing /ˈtʃuːzɪŋ/ — selecting something

  enjoy /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/ — to feel happy while doing something

  parents /ˈpeərənts/ — mother and father

  pleased /pliːzd/ — happy or satisfied

  announce /əˈnaʊns/ — to tell publicly

  celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ — to enjoy a special event

  auspicious /ɔːˈspɪʃəs/ — lucky or promising

  occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/ — a special event

  anniversary /ˌænɪˈvɜːsəri/ — yearly celebration

  programme /ˈprəʊɡræm/ — planned event

  assembly /əˈsembli/ — a gathering of people

  hall /hɔːl/ — a large room

  privileged /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/ — feeling honored

  mayor /ˈmeɪə(r)/ — head of a town or city

  municipality /mjuːˌnɪsɪˈpæləti/ — town government area

  grace /ɡreɪs/ — to make something more special

  ceremony /ˈserəməni/ — a formal event

  chief guest /tʃiːf ɡest/ — most important guest

  prizes /praɪzɪz/ — awards for winning

  winning /ˈwɪnɪŋ/ — being the best or first

  academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ — related to education

  extra-curricular /ˌekstrə kəˈrɪkjələ(r)/ — outside regular classes

  co-curricular /ˌkəʊkəˈrɪkjələ(r)/ — activities linked to school learning

  cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ — related to art, music, or traditions

  performance /pəˈfɔːməns/ — act of presenting art or skills

  talented /ˈtæləntɪd/ — naturally good at something

  audience /ˈɔːdiəns/ — people watching a show

  entertain /ˌentəˈteɪn/ — to make people enjoy

  photo session /ˈfəʊtəʊ ˈseʃn/ — time for taking pictures

  find /faɪnd/ — to discover

  correct /kəˈrekt/ — right, not wrong

  sentences /ˈsentənsɪz/ — groups of words expressing ideas

  plane /pleɪn/ — an aircraft

  switch off /swɪtʃ ɒf/ — to turn off

  wedding /ˈwedɪŋ/ — a marriage ceremony

  confer /kənˈfɜː(r)/ — to officially give something

  land /lænd/ — for a plane to come down

  remain /rɪˈmeɪn/ — to stay

  closed /kləʊzd/ — shut, not open

  dashain /dɑːˈsaɪn/ — a festival (proper noun, kept as-is)

  true /truː/ — correct, real

  fake /feɪk/ — not real

  travel /ˈtrævl/ — to move from place to place

  route /ruːt/ — path or way

  reason /ˈriːzn/ — cause for something

  chief /tʃiːf/ — most important

  important /ɪmˈpɔːtənt/ — necessary and valuable

  celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ — to mark a happy event

  pronounce /prəˈnaʊns/ — to say words correctly

  minister /ˈmɪnɪstə(r)/ — leader of a government department

  guardian /ˈɡɑːdiən/ — someone who protects or cares for another

  announcement /əˈnaʊnsmənt/ — public information or notice

  captain /ˈkæptɪn/ — leader of a team or group

  monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/ — student leader

  event /ɪˈvent/ — special happening

  function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/ — formal event or ceremony

  request /rɪˈkwest/ — polite asking

  expressions /ɪkˈspreʃnz/ — ways of speaking

  responding /rɪˈspɒndɪŋ/ — giving a reply

  wondering /ˈwʌndərɪŋ/ — thinking curiously

  problem /ˈprɒbləm/ — difficulty or issue

  check /tʃek/ — to look carefully

  need /niːd/ — something necessary

  squeeze /skwiːz/ — to press something firmly

  deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪt/ — to put something somewhere

  careless /ˈkeə.ləs/ — without being careful

  device /dɪˈvaɪs/ — a tool or machine made for a purpose

  perform /pəˈfɔːm/ — to do an action or task

  specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ — exact or special

  water-soluble /ˈwɔːtə ˈsɒljʊb(ə)l/ — able to dissolve in water

  cleansing /ˈklɛnzɪŋ/ — cleaning

  fungus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ — a type of plant like mold or mushrooms

  necessary /ˈnesəsəri/ — needed

  maximize /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/ — to make something as big or good as possible

  effect /ɪˈfekt/ — a change caused by something

  regularly /ˈreɡjʊləli/ — happening often and in the same way

  operation /ˌɒpəˈreɪʃən/ — the way something works

  brief /briːf/ — short in time

  sister /ˈsɪstə/ — a female sibling

  party /ˈpɑːti/ — a fun event with food, music, or games

  guest /ɡest/ — someone who visits

  inquire /ɪnˈkwaɪə/ — to ask

  finish /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ — to complete

  homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ — schoolwork done at home

  expect /ɪkˈspekt/ — to think something will happen

  overtime /ˈəʊvətaɪm/ — extra work hours

  favorite /ˈfeɪv(ə)rɪt/ — something you like the most

  purple /ˈpɜːp(ə)l/ — a color made from blue and red

  news /njuːz/ — information about recent events

  research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ — to study or find out about something

  cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ — related to the traditions of a group

  significance /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ — importance

  community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ — a group of people living together

  prepare /prɪˈpeə/ — to get ready

  share /ʃeə/ — to give part of something to others

  commas /ˈkɒməz/ — punctuation marks (,)

  semicolons /ˈsemikəʊləns/ — punctuation marks (;)

  colons /ˈkəʊlənz/ — punctuation marks (:)

  separate /ˈsepəreɪt/ — to divide

  items /ˈaɪtəmz/ — things in a list

  series /ˈsɪəriːz/ — a number of things in order

  transitional /trænˈzɪʃənl/ — linking two ideas or parts

  disadvantages /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒɪz/ — bad points

  direct /dəˈrekt/ — straight without changes

  quoted /kwəʊtɪd/ — repeated words

  tag question /tæɡ ˈkwes.tʃən/ — a short question at the end of a sentence

  independent /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ — free and separate

  clauses /klɔːzɪz/ — parts of a sentence

  related /rɪˈleɪtɪd/ — connected

  branded /ˈbrændɪd/ — made by a famous company

  heeled /hiːld/ — having a heel (part of a shoe)

  shirts /ʃɜːts/ — clothes worn on the upper body

  shoes /ʃuːz/ — footwear

  coats /kəʊts/ — clothing worn to keep warm

  introduce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/ — to bring something new

  qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/ — to explain better

  explanation /ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/ — making something clear

  practice /ˈpræktɪs/ — to do something repeatedly to improve

  vegetables /ˈvedʒtəb(ə)lz/ — plants we eat

  biscuit /ˈbɪskɪt/ — a small baked food, sweet or salty

  milk /mɪlk/ — white drink from cows

  bread /bred/ — food made from flour and water

  meaning /ˈmiːnɪŋ/ — what something means

  feeling /ˈfiːlɪŋ/ — an emotion

  down /daʊn/ — sad or unhappy

  fail /feɪl/ — to not succeed

  exam /ɪɡˈzæm/ — a test

  lost /lɒst/ — not having something anymore

  job /dʒɒb/ — work you do for money

  series /ˈsɪəriːz/ — a number of things happening one after another

  result /rɪˈzʌlt/ — what happens because of something

  depends /dɪˈpendz/ — is decided by something

  common /ˈkɒmən/ — happening often

  situation /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/ — a set of conditions

  examples /ɪɡˈzɑːmp(ə)lz/ — things used to show a point

  improve /ɪmˈpruːv/ — to make better

  information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən/ — facts or knowledge

  announcement /əˈnaʊnsmənt/ — a public statement

  celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ — to have a happy event

  entertainment /ˌentəˈteɪnmənt/ — fun activities

  audience /ˈɔːdiəns/ — people watching or listening

  overhead /ˈəʊvəhɛd/ — above your head

  baggage /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/ — luggage or bags

  gadgets /ˈɡædʒɪts/ — small electronic devices

  mobile /ˈməʊbaɪl/ — able to move easily; related to phones

  prohibited /prəˈhɪbɪtɪd/ — not allowed

  assembly /əˈsembli/ — a gathering of people

  auspicious /ɔːˈspɪʃəs/ — lucky or good for success

  anniversary /ˌænɪˈvɜːsəri/ — a yearly celebration

  privileged /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/ — having a special advantage

  ex-student /eks ˈstjuːdənt/ — a person who once studied there

  academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ — related to education

  extracurricular /ˌekstrəkəˈrɪkjʊlər/ — activities outside of regular schoolwork

  co-curricular /kəʊkəˈrɪkjʊlər/ — activities related to regular schoolwork

  cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ — relating to arts and traditions

  talented /ˈtæləntɪd/ — very skilled

  photo session /ˈfəʊtəʊ ˈseʃ(ə)n/ — time for taking pictures

  upright /ˈʌpraɪt/ — standing straight up

  session /ˈseʃən/ — a meeting or short event

  chief guest /tʃiːf ɡest/ — most important guest

  ceremony /ˈserɪməni/ — a formal event

  secure /sɪˈkjʊə/ — to make safe

  compartment /kəmˈpɑːtmənt/ — a small section in something like a plane or train

Unit 4  

  visit /ˈvɪzɪt/ — to go somewhere for a short time

  curious /ˈkjʊəriəs/ — wanting to know more

  tourists /ˈtʊərɪsts/ — people who travel for fun

  permit /ˈpɜːmɪt/ — an official paper allowing something

  treks /trɛks/ — long walks, often in nature

  Himalayas /ˌhɪməˈleɪəz/ — very tall mountains in Asia

  staff /stɑːf/ — workers in a place

  cushions /ˈkʊʃənz/ — soft pillows for sitting

  blankets /ˈblæŋkɪts/ — thick covers to keep warm

  guide /ɡaɪd/ — a person who shows the way

  jeep /dʒiːp/ — a strong car for rough roads

  journey /ˈdʒɜːni/ — traveling from one place to another

  locals /ˈləʊkəlz/ — people who live in a place

  travel /ˈtrævəl/ — to go from one place to another

  spot /spɒt/ — a particular place

  spring /sprɪŋ/ — water that comes from the ground

  charming /ˈtʃɑːmɪŋ/ — very pleasant or nice

  natural /ˈnætʃrəl/ — made by nature, not by people

  pool /puːl/ — a small area of still water

  relaxing /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/ — making you feel calm

  rustic /ˈrʌstɪk/ — simple and old-fashioned

  beauty /ˈbjuːti/ — something very nice to look at

  combined /kəmˈbaɪnd/ — put together

  continued /kənˈtɪnjuːd/ — kept going

  trip /trɪp/ — a journey for pleasure

  range /reɪndʒ/ — a group of mountains

  cliffs /klɪfs/ — high, steep rocks

  eroded /ɪˈrəʊdɪd/ — worn away by wind or water

  lands /lændz/ — large areas of ground

  canyons /ˈkænjənz/ — deep valleys with steep sides

  unforgettable /ˌʌnfəˈɡɛtəbl/ — something you always remember

  temple /ˈtɛmpl/ — a building for worship

  sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ — very holy

  Hindus /ˈhɪnduːz/ — people who follow Hinduism

  Buddhists /ˈbʊdɪsts/ — people who follow Buddhism

  pilgrims /ˈpɪlɡrɪmz/ — people who travel to a holy place

  decorated /ˈdɛkəreɪtɪd/ — made pretty with special things

  flags /flæɡz/ — pieces of cloth with colors or designs

  panoramic /ˌpænəˈræmɪk/ — showing a wide view

  symbolised /ˈsɪmbəlaɪzd/ — shown as a symbol

  sky /skaɪ/ — the air above the earth

  air /ɛər/ — what we breathe

  fire /ˈfaɪər/ — something burning

  water /ˈwɔːtər/ — liquid we drink

  earth /ɜːθ/ — the ground we walk on

  balance /ˈbæləns/ — a state where things are equal

  enduring /ɪnˈdjʊərɪŋ/ — lasting a long time

  freezing /ˈfriːzɪŋ/ — very, very cold

  teahouse /ˈtiːhaʊs/ — a small hotel where tea is served

  sunrise /ˈsʌnraɪz/ — when the sun appears in the morning

  historical /hɪˈstɒrɪkəl/ — related to history

  village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ — a small group of houses

  van /væn/ — a small vehicle for people or goods

  bumped /bʌmpt/ — hit lightly while moving

  famous /ˈfeɪməs/ — well-known

  apple /ˈæpl/ — a type of fruit

  trees /triːz/ — tall plants with trunks

  architecture /ˈɑːkɪtɛktʃər/ — the design of buildings

  houses /ˈhaʊzɪz/ — places where people live

  roofing /ˈruːfɪŋ/ — covering for the top of a building

  network /ˈnɛtwɜːk/ — a group of connected things

  narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ — thin and small

  alleyways /ˈæliweɪz/ — small, narrow streets

  proximity /prɒkˈsɪmɪti/ — closeness

  locals /ˈləʊkəlz/ — people from a place

  mingle /ˈmɪŋɡl/ — to mix together

  close-knit /ˈkləʊs nɪt/ — very friendly and tight

  refreshed /rɪˈfrɛʃt/ — feeling fresh again

  luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/ — something nice but not necessary

  memoir /ˈmɛmwɑːr/ — a book about someone’s memories

  architecture /ˈɑːkɪtɛktʃər/ — (already listed, reappearing in exercises)

  surfaced /ˈsɜːfəst/ — covered with a new layer

  support /səˈpɔːt/ — help

  elderly /ˈɛldəli/ — old people

  achievements /əˈtʃiːvmənts/ — things you succeed at

  volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪər/ — person who works without pay

  memorable /ˈmɛmərəbl/ — easy to remember

  toothache /ˈtuːθeɪk/ — pain in a tooth

  gifted /ˈɡɪftɪd/ — gave as a present

  diary /ˈdaɪəri/ — a daily written record

  unaware /ˌʌnəˈweər/ — not knowing

  fortunately /ˈfɔːtʃənətli/ — luckily

  district /ˈdɪstrɪkt/ — a part of a country

  bumpy /ˈbʌmpi/ — not smooth

  windy /ˈwɪndi/ — with a lot of wind

  rest stop /rɛst stɒp/ — a place to take a break while traveling

  instruments /ˈɪnstrəmənts/ — tools for making music

  spare /spɛər/ — extra

  steep /stiːp/ — very high or sharp

  extended /ɪkˈstɛndɪd/ — made bigger

  friendly /ˈfrɛndli/ — kind and nice

  traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/ — following old ways

  kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn/ — a room where food is cooked

  popcorn /ˈpɒpkɔːn/ — corn that pops when heated

  daal /dɑːl/ — a Nepali lentil soup

  snack /snæk/ — a small meal

  oxen /ˈɒksən/ — strong farm animals

  goats /ɡəʊts/ — farm animals with horns

  stroked /strəʊkt/ — gently touched

  view /vjuː/ — what you can see from a place

  bidding /ˈbɪdɪŋ/ — saying goodbye

  vehicles /ˈviːɪklz/ — things used for transportation

  vacant /ˈveɪkənt/ — empty

  seat /siːt/ — a place to sit

  closed /kləʊzd/ — shut

  supermarket /ˈsuːpəmɑːkɪt/ — a large store

  omelette /ˈɒmlɪt/ — fried eggs dish

  adventures /ədˈvɛntʃəz/ — exciting experiences

  admirable /ˈædmərəbl/ — deserving respect

  reptiles /ˈrɛptaɪlz/ — cold-blooded animals like snakes

  deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/ — to be worthy of

  supportive /səˈpɔːtɪv/ — giving help

  role model /rəʊl ˈmɒdl/ — a person who is admired

  compound /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ — something made of two parts

  open /ˈəʊpən/ — not closed

  closed /kləʊzd/ — (already mentioned; reappearing in new context)

  hyphenated /ˈhaɪfəneɪtɪd/ — with hyphens (-) between parts

  heart attack /hɑːt əˈtæk/ — serious heart problem

  french fry /frɛntʃ fraɪ/ — fried potato stick

  airport /ˈɛəpɔːt/ — a place where planes land

  barefoot /ˈbeəfʊt/ — without shoes

  raincoat /ˈreɪnkəʊt/ — coat for rainy weather

  nonetheless /ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/ — despite that

  mailbox /ˈmeɪlbɒks/ — box for letters

  without /wɪˈðaʊt/ — not having something

  weekend /ˈwiːkɛnd/ — Saturday and Sunday

  check-in /ˈtʃɛk ɪn/ — registration at hotels or airports

  father-in-law /ˈfɑːðər ɪn lɔː/ — your spouse’s father

  long-term /ˈlɒŋ tɜːm/ — lasting a long time

  one-sided /wʌn ˈsaɪdɪd/ — unfair or unequal

  runner-up /ˈrʌnər ʌp/ — person who finishes second

  up-to-date /ˌʌp tə ˈdeɪt/ — modern and latest

  well-being /ˈwɛl biːɪŋ/ — health and happiness

  mind-blowing /ˈmaɪnd ˌbləʊɪŋ/ — amazing

  deep-fried /ˈdiːp fraɪd/ — cooked in a lot of oil

  twenty-four /ˈtwɛnti fɔːr/ — the number 24

  admired /ədˈmaɪəd/ — looked up to

  musical /ˈmjuːzɪkəl/ — related to music

  experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ — something you go through

  community /kəˈmjuːnɪti/ — group of people living together

  hillside /ˈhɪlsaɪd/ — the side of a hill

  extended family /ɪkˈstɛndɪd ˈfæmɪli/ — a big family including cousins, uncles, etc.

  delicious /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ — very tasty

  curry /ˈkʌri/ — a spicy dish

  snack /snæk/ — (already mentioned; reappearing)

  stroking /ˈstrəʊkɪŋ/ — touching softly

  chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ — sweet made from cocoa

  bread /brɛd/ — food made of flour

  eggs /ɛgz/ — round food from hens

  tired /ˈtaɪəd/ — needing rest

  sleepy /ˈsliːpi/ — wanting to sleep

  describing /dɪˈskraɪbɪŋ/ — explaining in words

  adventure /ədˈvɛntʃər/ — an exciting experience

  achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ — success at something

  support /səˈpɔːt/ — (already mentioned, reappearing)

  deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/ — (already listed, reappearing)

  rural /ˈrʊərəl/ — relating to the countryside

  public vehicle /ˈpʌblɪk ˈviːɪkl/ — bus or train

  halfway /ˈhɑːfweɪ/ — in the middle

  jumped /dʒʌmpt/ — moved upward suddenly

  fell /fɛl/ — dropped down

  nearly /ˈnɪəli/ — almost

  community /kəˈmjuːnɪti/ — (already mentioned; reappearing)

  extended /ɪkˈstɛndɪd/ — (already mentioned)

  fifty rupees /ˈfɪfti ruːˈpiːz/ — Nepali currency

  instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ — (already mentioned, appearing again)

  fall asleep /fɔːl əˈsliːp/ — to start sleeping

  vacant /ˈveɪkənt/ — (already mentioned)

  travelled /ˈtrævəld/ — moved from one place to another

  crossed /krɒst/ — went over

  hill /hɪl/ — a raised area of land

  arrived /əˈraɪvd/ — reached a place

  crossing /ˈkrɒsɪŋ/ — moving over something

  seating /ˈsiːtɪŋ/ — place to sit

  supportive /səˈpɔːtɪv/ — (already mentioned)

  view /vjuː/ — (already mentioned)

  meeting /ˈmiːtɪŋ/ — coming together

  record /rɪˈkɔːd/ — written memory

  treat /triːt/ — a special gift

  instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ — (appearing multiple times)

  bread /brɛd/ — (reappearing)

  egg /ɛɡ/ — (reappearing)

  snack /snæk/ — (reappearing)

  chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ — (reappearing)

  travelled /ˈtrævəld/ — (reappearing)

  crossed /krɒst/ — (reappearing)

  instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ — (reappearing)

  hillside /ˈhɪlsaɪd/ — (reappearing)

  supportive /səˈpɔːtɪv/ — (reappearing)

  community /kəˈmjuːnɪti/ — (reappearing)

  sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ — (reappearing)

  balance /ˈbæləns/ — (reappearing)

  holy /ˈhəʊli/ — very religious

  arrive /əˈraɪv/ — to reach

  plan /plæn/ — to make a list of steps

  successful /səkˈsɛsfʊl/ — achieving what you want

  grateful /ˈɡreɪtfʊl/ — thankful

  connected /kəˈnɛktɪd/ — joined together

  continued /kənˈtɪnjuːd/ — (already mentioned)

  meaningful /ˈmiːnɪŋfʊl/ — full of meaning

Unit 5  

pictures /ˈpɪktʃəz/ — drawings or photos

convince /kənˈvɪns/ — make someone believe or do something

kitchen /ˈkɪtʃɪn/ — a place where food is cooked

couple /ˈkʌpl/ — two people together

poor /pɔːr/ — having little money

forest /ˈfɒrɪst/ — a large area with many trees

firewood /ˈfaɪəwʊd/ — wood used for burning

axe /æks/ — a tool to chop wood

chop /tʃɒp/ — to cut something with a sharp tool

voice /vɔɪs/ — the sound made when speaking

frightened /ˈfraɪtnd/ — scared

thought /θɔːt/ — an idea in your mind

fool /fuːl/ — a silly person

horse /hɔːs/ — a large animal used for riding

cart /kɑːt/ — a vehicle pulled by a horse

hat /hæt/ — clothing worn on the head

harnessed /ˈhɑːnɪst/ — tied with straps to pull something

except /ɪkˈsept/ — not including

hut /hʌt/ — a small simple house

cave in /ˈkeɪv ɪn/ — to fall down

hardly /ˈhɑːdli/ — almost not

believe /bɪˈliːv/ — to think something is true

eyes /aɪz/ — parts of the body used for seeing

happy /ˈhæpi/ — feeling good

children /ˈtʃɪldrən/ — young boys and girls

livestock /ˈlaɪvstɒk/ — farm animals like cows and sheep

fowls /faʊlz/ — birds like chickens and ducks

yard /jɑːd/ — open space around a house

overjoyed /ˌəʊvəˈdʒɔɪd/ — extremely happy

money /ˈmʌni/ — coins or notes used to buy things

busy /ˈbɪzi/ — doing many things

counting /ˈkaʊntɪŋ/ — saying numbers one after another

stacking /ˈstækɪŋ/ — putting things in a pile

golden /ˈɡəʊldən/ — made of gold or golden in color

coins /kɔɪnz/ — round metal money

rich /rɪtʃ/ — having a lot of money

feared /fɪəd/ — being afraid of someone

policemen /pəˈliːsmən/ — men who enforce the law

soldiers /ˈsəʊldʒəz/ — people who fight for their country

village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ — a small group of houses

silent /ˈsaɪlənt/ — without sound

wife /waɪf/ — a woman married to a man

gone /ɡɒn/ — not there anymore

everything /ˈevriθɪŋ/ — all things

collapse /kəˈlæps/ — to fall down suddenly

terrified /ˈterɪfaɪd/ — very scared

pleaded /ˈpliːdɪd/ — asked strongly

delighted /dɪˈlaɪtɪd/ — very happy

idiot /ˈɪdiət/ — a foolish person

scared /skeəd/ — afraid

order /ˈɔːdə/ — the correct arrangement

table /ˈteɪbl/ — furniture with a flat top

asked /ɑːskt/ — requested

lesson /ˈlesn/ — something you learn

pronouncing /prəˈnaʊnsɪŋ/ — saying sounds correctly

syllables /ˈsɪləblz/ — parts of a word

livestock /ˈlaɪvstɒk/ — (repeated)

permission /pəˈmɪʃən/ — letting someone do something

satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/ — make someone happy or content

punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ — a penalty for doing something wrong

reported speech /rɪˈpɔːtɪd spiːtʃ/ — telling what someone else said

warned /wɔːnd/ — told someone about danger

advised /ədˈvaɪzd/ — gave good ideas

forbade /fəˈbeɪd/ — said not to do something

waste /weɪst/ — to use wrongly or carelessly

alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ — another choice

medicine /ˈmedsn/ — something to make you healthy

return /rɪˈtɜːn/ — to come back

anymore /ˌeniˈmɔː/ — not now

ordered /ˈɔːdəd/ — told firmly

expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ — a journey for a purpose

destination /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn/ — a place you are going to

hindrances /ˈhɪndrənsɪz/ — things that stop progress

determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn/ — not giving up

goal /ɡəʊl/ — something you want to achieve

impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/ — very hard to do

courage /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ — bravery

strength /streŋθ/ — being strong

incredible /ɪnˈkredəbl/ — amazing

tide /taɪd/ — movement of water

caution /ˈkɔːʃn/ — being careful

patriot /ˈpeɪtriət/ — a person who loves their country

heaven /ˈhevən/ — a perfect place

persuade /pəˈsweɪd/ — to make someone do something

activities /ækˈtɪvətiz/ — things people do

tour /tʊə/ — a trip or journey

forecast /ˈfɔːkɑːst/ — a weather prediction

guide /ɡaɪd/ — a person who shows the way

prefer /prɪˈfɜː/ — to like something more

shirt /ʃɜːt/ — clothing for the top of the body

suits /suːts/ — looks good on

certainly /ˈsɜːtnli/ — surely

expressions /ɪkˈspreʃənz/ — ways of showing feelings or ideas

singing /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/ — making music with your voice

dancing /ˈdɑːnsɪŋ/ — moving to music

competition /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ — a contest

picnic /ˈpɪknɪk/ — a meal outdoors

athletics /æθˈletɪks/ — sports activities

hesitates /ˈhezɪteɪts/ — stops for a moment before acting

writing /ˈraɪtɪŋ/ — putting words on paper

punctuation /ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃn/ — marks in writing

practical /ˈpræktɪkl/ — useful

biology /baɪˈɒlədʒi/ — the study of living things

diagrams /ˈdaɪəɡræmz/ — simple drawings

experiments /ɪkˈsperɪmənts/ — tests or trials

surgeon /ˈsɜːdʒən/ — a doctor who operates on people

crow /krəʊ/ — a black bird

peacock /ˈpiːkɒk/ — a bird with a colorful tail

feathers /ˈfeðəz/ — bird body covering

relatives /ˈrelətɪvz/ — family members

drive away /draɪv əˈweɪ/ — to force someone to leave

friendless /ˈfrendləs/ — without friends

project /ˈprɒdʒekt/ — a task or assignment

shopkeeper /ˈʃɒpkiːpə/ — a person who owns a shop

customers /ˈkʌstəməz/ — people who buy things

translate /trænsˈleɪt/ — to change words into another language

Prefixes /ˈpriːfɪksɪz/ — parts added at the beginning of a word

Suffixes /ˈsʌfɪksɪz/ — parts added at the end of a word

decode /diːˈkəʊd/ — to understand a secret message

deform /dɪˈfɔːm/ — to spoil the shape

defame /dɪˈfeɪm/ — to harm someone's good name

demoralise /dɪˈmɒrəlaɪz/ — to make someone lose hope

disagree /ˌdɪsəˈɡriː/ — not to agree

disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə/ — to go out of sight

dishonest /dɪsˈɒnɪst/ — not telling the truth

distrust /dɪsˈtrʌst/ — not trusting

mislead /ˌmɪsˈliːd/ — to guide wrongly

misplace /ˌmɪsˈpleɪs/ — to put in the wrong place

misunderstand /ˌmɪsʌndəˈstænd/ — not to understand correctly

preboard /ˈpriːbɔːd/ — to get ready to board

prehistorical /ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪkl/ — before history began

prepaid /ˌpriːˈpeɪd/ — paid before

react /riˈækt/ — to respond

reappear /ˌriːəˈpɪə/ — to come back into view

rethink /ˌriːˈθɪŋk/ — to think again

research /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ — study carefully

undo /ʌnˈduː/ — to reverse an action

unequal /ʌnˈiːkwəl/ — not equal

unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/ — rare or different

uncertain /ʌnˈsɜːtn/ — not sure

comfortable /ˈkʌmftəbl/ — feeling good

portable /ˈpɔːtəbl/ — easy to carry

sociable /ˈsəʊʃəbl/ — enjoying company

readable /ˈriːdəbl/ — easy to read

bigger /ˈbɪɡə/ — larger

stronger /ˈstrɒŋɡə/ — more strong

faster /ˈfɑːstə/ — more quick

easier /ˈiːziə/ — more simple

beautiful /ˈbjuːtɪfl/ — very pretty

grateful /ˈɡreɪtfʊl/ — thankful

thoughtful /ˈθɔːtfl/ — thinking of others

painful /ˈpeɪnfl/ — causing pain

happily /ˈhæpɪli/ — in a happy way

lazily /ˈleɪzɪli/ — in a lazy way

easily /ˈiːzɪli/ — without difficulty

calmly /ˈkɑːmli/ — in a quiet way

kindness /ˈkaɪndnəs/ — being kind

wilderness /ˈwɪldənəs/ — a wild area

sharpness /ˈʃɑːpnəs/ — the quality of being sharp

brightness /ˈbraɪtnəs/ — the quality of being bright

healthy /ˈhelθi/ — being well

messy /ˈmesi/ — not neat

dirty /ˈdɜːti/ — not clean

filthy /ˈfɪlθi/ — very dirty

bought /bɔːt/ — past of buy

returning /rɪˈtɜːnɪŋ/ — coming back

fear /fɪə/ — feeling scared

silent /ˈsaɪlənt/ — without any noise

begged /beɡd/ — asked seriously

yard /jɑːd/ — open space near a house

counted /ˈkaʊntɪd/ — said numbers in order

guarding /ˈɡɑːdɪŋ/ — protecting

nation /ˈneɪʃn/ — a country

patriot /ˈpeɪtriət/ — a lover of their country

excursion /ɪkˈskɜːʃn/ — a short trip

journey /ˈdʒɜːni/ — traveling from one place to another

extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/ — amazing

exploration /ˌekspləˈreɪʃn/ — searching or traveling

destination /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn/ — where you are going

caution /ˈkɔːʃn/ — carefulness

expedition /ˌekspəˈdɪʃn/ — special journey

obstacle /ˈɒbstəkl/ — a block in the way

challenge /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ — something difficult

motivate /ˈməʊtɪveɪt/ — to inspire

goal /ɡəʊl/ — something you want to reach

energy /ˈenədʒi/ — strength to do things

enthusiasm /ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm/ — great excitement

effort /ˈefət/ — hard work

ambition /æmˈbɪʃn/ — a strong desire to succeed

dream /driːm/ — something you hope for

happiness /ˈhæpinəs/ — feeling happy

fulfill /fʊlˈfɪl/ — to complete

achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ — to reach a goal

attain /əˈteɪn/ — to get something

success /səkˈses/ — doing well

victory /ˈvɪktəri/ — winning

triumph /ˈtraɪəmf/ — great win

celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ — to enjoy a special event

reward /rɪˈwɔːd/ — a prize

praise /preɪz/ — saying good things about someone

Unit 6  

  getting /ˈɡetɪŋ/ — receiving or obtaining something

  started /ˈstɑːtɪd/ — began doing something

  pictures /ˈpɪktʃəz/ — images or drawings

  talk /tɔːk/ — to speak

  people /ˈpiːpl/ — human beings

  done /dʌn/ — finished or completed

  reading /ˈriːdɪŋ/ — looking at and understanding words

  answer /ˈɑːnsə/ — reply to a question

  questions /ˈkwestʃənz/ — sentences that ask for information

  happening /ˈhæpənɪŋ/ — taking place

  celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/ — special event to mark something

  experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ — something that you live through

  traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/ — based on old customs

  marriage /ˈmærɪdʒ/ — joining of two people as partners

  customs /ˈkʌstəmz/ — usual ways of doing things

  world /wɜːld/ — Earth, or the people living on Earth

  legally /ˈliːɡəli/ — allowed by law

  recognised /ˈrekəɡnaɪzd/ — officially accepted

  relationship /rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/ — connection between people

  union /ˈjuːniən/ — joining of two or more things

  social /ˈsəʊʃl/ — related to society

  norms /nɔːmz/ — usual standards of behaviour

  rituals /ˈrɪtʃuəlz/ — set actions done for tradition

  spouses /ˈspaʊzɪz/ — husband and wife

  performing /pəˈfɔːmɪŋ/ — doing an activity

  ceremonies /ˈserəməniz/ — formal events

  culture /ˈkʌltʃə/ — way of life of a group

  unique /juˈniːk/ — one of a kind

  ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/ — very old

  societies /səˈsaɪətiz/ — groups of people living together

  practising /ˈpræktɪsɪŋ/ — doing something regularly

  secure /sɪˈkjʊə/ — safe

  environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ — surroundings

  offspring /ˈɒfsprɪŋ/ — children

  property /ˈprɒpəti/ — things that belong to someone

  rituals /ˈrɪtʃuəlz/ — repeated ceremonies (appears again)

  performed /pəˈfɔːmd/ — carried out

  different /ˈdɪfrənt/ — not the same

  parts /pɑːts/ — pieces or sections

  Indian /ˈɪndiən/ — related to India

  weddings /ˈwedɪŋz/ — marriage ceremonies

  celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ — enjoy a special event

  numerous /ˈnjuːmərəs/ — many

  depends /dɪˈpendz/ — is affected by

  bride /braɪd/ — woman getting married

  groom /ɡruːm/ — man getting married

  likes /laɪks/ — things you enjoy

  dislikes /dɪsˈlaɪks/ — things you don't enjoy

  pre-wedding /priː-ˈwedɪŋ/ — before the wedding

  engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ — promise to marry

  exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ — to give and receive

  rings /rɪŋz/ — circular bands for fingers

  Mehendi /ˈmendi/ — henna body art

  palms /pɑːmz/ — inner parts of hands

  wrists /rɪsts/ — joints between hands and arms

  feet /fiːt/ — lower parts of the legs

  decorated /ˈdekəreɪtɪd/ — made beautiful

  flower /ˈflaʊə/ — colourful part of a plant

  garlands /ˈɡɑːləndz/ — strings of flowers

  symbolises /ˈsɪmbəlaɪzɪz/ — stands for something

  acceptance /əkˈseptəns/ — agreeing to something

  costumes /ˈkɒstjuːmz/ — clothes for special occasions

  changed /tʃeɪndʒd/ — became different

  throughout /θruːˈaʊt/ — during the whole time

  celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn/ — special event (reappears)

  symbol /ˈsɪmbl/ — something that stands for something

  happy /ˈhæpi/ — feeling good

  couple /ˈkʌpl/ — two people together

  drinks /drɪŋks/ — sips liquid

  sake /ˈsɑːki/ — Japanese rice wine

  alcoholic /ˌælkəˈhɒlɪk/ — contains alcohol

  rice /raɪs/ — grain used for food

  tradition /trəˈdɪʃn/ — old practice

  san-san-kudo /sɑːn-sɑːn-kuːdɒ/ — Japanese wedding ritual

  sips /sɪps/ — small drinks

  cups /kʌps/ — small round containers

  parents /ˈpeərənts/ — mother and father

  bonds /bɒndz/ — ties or connections

  families /ˈfæməliz/ — groups of relatives

  money /ˈmʌni/ — coins or notes used to buy things

  present /ˈpreznt/ — a gift

  wrapped /ræpt/ — covered with paper

  envelope /ˈenvələʊp/ — paper cover for letters

  small /smɔːl/ — not big

  gifts /ɡɪfts/ — presents

  sweets /swiːts/ — sugary candies

  candles /ˈkændlz/ — wax sticks that burn

  entire /ɪnˈtaɪə/ — whole

  community /kəˈmjuːnəti/ — group of people living together

  participates /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪts/ — joins in an activity

  stages /steɪdʒɪz/ — steps in a process

  village /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/ — small town

  plan /plæn/ — organise activities

  street /striːt/ — road in a town

  review /rɪˈvjuː/ — check carefully

  appearance /əˈpɪərəns/ — how someone looks

  improve /ɪmˈpruːv/ — make better

  dancing /ˈdɑːnsɪŋ/ — moving to music

  cakes /keɪks/ — sweet baked foods

  family /ˈfæməli/ — parents and children

102. earthquake /ˈɜːθ.kweɪk/ — a sudden shaking of the ground

103. floods /flʌdz/ — large amounts of water covering normally dry land

104. entrepreneur /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜː/ — someone who starts and runs a business

105. remotest /rɪˈməʊ.tɪst/ — far away from places where people live

106. medicines /ˈmed.ɪ.sɪnz/ — substances used to treat illness

107. crate /kreɪt/ — a box used for carrying bottles

108. experimented /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.men.tɪd/ — tried out new ideas to see if they work

109. designs /dɪˈzaɪnz/ — drawings or plans to show how something will look or work

110. testing /ˈtes.tɪŋ/ — checking if something works well

111. achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ — to succeed in doing something

112. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ — to get a new one when the old one is used up

113. delivered /dɪˈlɪv.əd/ — brought to someone

114. invented /ɪnˈven.tɪd/ — made something new for the first time

115. passes /ˈpɑː.sɪz/ — goes through something

116. device /dɪˈvaɪs/ — a small machine or tool

117. clean /kliːn/ — to make something free from dirt

118. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ — to put something new in the place of something old

119. rescue /ˈres.kjuː/ — to save someone from danger

120. improves /ɪmˈpruːvz/ — makes better

121. relevant /ˈrel.ə.vənt/ — connected to what is happening

122. statements /ˈsteɪt.mənts/ — things that are said or written

123. buckets /ˈbʌk.ɪts/ — containers for carrying water

124. proper /ˈprɒp.ər/ — right or correct

125. procedure /prəˈsiː.dʒər/ — steps to do something

126. scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/ — based on science

127. discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ər.i/ — something found for the first time

128. invention /ɪnˈven.ʃən/ — a new tool or idea that helps people

129. harmful /ˈhɑːm.fəl/ — causing damage or injury

130. disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ — to bother or interrupt

131. domestic /dəˈmes.tɪk/ — related to home

132. pet /pet/ — an animal kept at home

133. keen /kiːn/ — strong or sharp

134. sense /sens/ — ability to feel or notice something

135. smell /smel/ — the sense of noticing things through the nose

136. variety /vəˈraɪ.ə.ti/ — many different kinds

137. range /reɪndʒ/ — a group of different things

138. breeds /briːdz/ — types of animals

139. unique /juːˈniːk/ — special and different

140. characteristics /ˌkær.ək.təˈrɪs.tɪks/ — special qualities

141. abilities /əˈbɪl.ə.tiz/ — skills or talents

142. loyalty /ˈlɔɪ.əl.ti/ — being faithful and true

143. obedience /əˈbiː.di.əns/ — doing what you are told

144. members /ˈmem.bəz/ — people in a group

145. training /ˈtreɪ.nɪŋ/ — learning how to do something

146. care /keər/ — attention or help

147. happy /ˈhæp.i/ — feeling good or pleased

148. healthy /ˈhel.θi/ — not sick

149. collage /ˈkɒ.lɑːʒ/ — a mix of pictures or items on a board

150. display /dɪˈspleɪ/ — to show something

151. classroom /ˈklɑːs.ruːm/ — a room where students learn

152. British /ˈbrɪ.tɪʃ/ — from the United Kingdom

153. American /əˈmer.ɪ.kən/ — from the United States

154. aerial /ˈeə.ri.əl/ — a device for receiving TV or radio signals

155. antenna /ænˈten.ə/ — American word for aerial

156. autumn /ˈɔː.təm/ — the season after summer

157. fall /fɔːl/ — American word for autumn

158. biscuit /ˈbɪs.kɪt/ — a small, dry cake

159. cookie /ˈkʊk.i/ — American word for biscuit

160. chemist’s /ˈkem.ɪsts/ — a shop that sells medicines

161. drugstore /ˈdrʌɡ.stɔːr/ — American word for chemist’s

162. chips /tʃɪps/ — fried potato sticks (UK)

163. french fries /ˌfrentʃ ˈfraɪz/ — American word for chips

164. crossroads /ˈkrɒs.rəʊdz/ — where two roads meet

165. intersection /ˌɪn.təˈsek.ʃən/ — American word for crossroads

166. film /fɪlm/ — a movie (UK)

167. movie /ˈmuː.vi/ — American word for film

168. rubbish /ˈrʌb.ɪʃ/ — garbage or waste (UK)

169. trash /træʃ/ — American word for rubbish

170. garden /ˈɡɑː.dən/ — an outdoor area with plants

171. yard /jɑːd/ — American word for garden

172. ground floor /ˌɡraʊnd ˈflɔːr/ — the first level of a building (UK)

173. first floor /ˌfɜːst ˈflɔːr/ — American word for ground floor

174. handbag /ˈhænd.bæɡ/ — a small bag for carrying personal items (UK)

175. purse /pɜːs/ — American word for handbag

176. holiday /ˈhɒl.ɪ.deɪ/ — a time for rest or travel (UK)

177. vacation /vəˈkeɪ.ʃən/ — American word for holiday

178. lift /lɪft/ — a machine to go up and down floors (UK)

179. elevator /ˈel.ɪ.veɪ.tər/ — American word for lift

180. lorry /ˈlɒr.i/ — a large vehicle for carrying goods (UK)

181. truck /trʌk/ — American word for lorry

182. paraffin /ˈpær.ə.fɪn/ — a fuel oil (UK)

183. kerosene /ˈker.ə.siːn/ — American word for paraffin

184. pavement /ˈpeɪv.mənt/ — a path beside the road (UK)

185. sidewalk /ˈsaɪd.wɔːk/ — American word for pavement

186. petrol /ˈpet.rəl/ — fuel for cars (UK)

187. gasoline /ˈɡæs.əl.iːn/ — American word for petrol

188. mailbox /ˈmeɪl.bɒks/ — a box to receive letters (American)

189. postbox /ˈpəʊst.bɒks/ — a box to send letters (British)

190. queue /kjuː/ — a line of people waiting (UK)

191. line /laɪn/ — American word for queue

192. shop /ʃɒp/ — a place to buy things (UK)

193. store /stɔːr/ — American word for shop

194. sweet /swiːt/ — candy or sugary treat (UK)

195. candy /ˈkæn.di/ — American word for sweet

196. tap /tæp/ — a device that controls water (UK)

197. faucet /ˈfɔː.sɪt/ — American word for tap

198. trousers /ˈtraʊ.zəz/ — clothes for the legs (UK)

199. pants /pænts/ — American word for trousers

200. soccer /ˈsɒk.ər/ — American word for football

Unit 7  

  predict /prɪˈdɪkt/ – say what you think will happen in the future.

  weather /ˈwɛðər/ – the condition of the air outside (rain, sun, wind, etc.).

  conditions /kənˈdɪʃənz/ – how something is at a certain time.

  cloudy /ˈklaʊdi/ – full of clouds; not sunny.

  windy /ˈwɪndi/ – when there is a lot of wind blowing.

  rainy /ˈreɪni/ – when a lot of rain is falling.

  location /loʊˈkeɪʃən/ – a place where something happens.

  forecast /ˈfɔːrkæst/ – a report about what the weather will be.

  station /ˈsteɪʃən/ – a place where weather is measured.

  maximum /ˈmæksɪməm/ – the highest amount.

  temperature /ˈtɛmprətʃər/ – how hot or cold something is.

  minimum /ˈmɪnɪməm/ – the lowest amount.

  rainfall /ˈreɪnfɔːl/ – how much rain falls.

  recorded /rɪˈkɔːrdɪd/ – written down or saved for information.

  partly /ˈpɑːrtli/ – not completely; just a little.

  moderate /ˈmɒdərət/ – not too much or too little.

  thunder /ˈθʌndər/ – a loud sound during a storm.

  lightning /ˈlaɪtnɪŋ/ – a bright flash in the sky during a storm.

  hilly /ˈhɪli/ – full of hills.

  regions /ˈriːdʒənz/ – large areas of land.

  chances /ˈtʃænsɪz/ – possibilities of something happening.

  generally /ˈdʒɛnərəli/ – usually; most of the time.

  violent /ˈvaɪələnt/ – very strong and rough.

  storm /stɔːrm/ – bad weather with rain, wind, thunder, or snow.

  annual /ˈænjuəl/ – happening once a year.

  incident /ˈɪnsɪdənt/ – an event, often bad or unusual.

  sunny /ˈsʌni/ – when the sun is shining brightly.

  hottest /ˈhɑːtɪst/ – most hot.

  coldest /ˈkoʊldɪst/ – most cold.

  newsreader /ˈnjuːzriːdər/ – someone who reads the news on TV or radio.

  fair /feər/ – clear or good weather.

  degree /dɪˈɡriː/ – a unit for measuring temperature.

  certainty /ˈsɜːrtənti/ – sure about something.

  election /ɪˈlɛkʃən/ – when people vote to choose a leader.

  monsoon /ˌmɒnˈsuːn/ – a rainy season in some countries.

  bread /brɛd/ – food made of flour and water, baked.

  boots /buːts/ – shoes that cover the ankle and sometimes the leg.

  snow /snoʊ/ – frozen white flakes that fall from the sky.

  trip /trɪp/ – a short journey.

  registered /ˈrɛdʒɪstərd/ – officially signed up for something.

  competition /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən/ – a contest where people try to win.

  lost /lɔst/ – unable to find something.

  clouds /klaʊdz/ – white or grey masses in the sky.

  vegetables /ˈvɛdʒtəblz/ – plants we eat like carrots and potatoes.

  cutting /ˈkʌtɪŋ/ – using something sharp to divide.

  snowing /ˈsnoʊɪŋ/ – when snow is falling from the sky.

  pencil /ˈpɛnsəl/ – something used to write or draw.

  birthday /ˈbɜːrθdeɪ/ – the day you were born.

  college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/ – a school for older students.

  abroad /əˈbrɔːd/ – in another country.

  future /ˈfjuːtʃər/ – the time after now.

  listening /ˈlɪsənɪŋ/ – paying attention to sounds.

  audio /ˈɔːdioʊ/ – sound you can hear.

  statements /ˈsteɪtmənts/ – things people say or write.

  locality /loʊˈkæləti/ – the area where you live.

  migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ – moving from one place to another.

  tourists /ˈtʊrɪsts/ – people who visit places for fun.

  shelter /ˈʃɛltər/ – a safe place to live.

  citizens /ˈsɪtɪzənz/ – people who belong to a country.

  trend /trɛnd/ – something that becomes popular over time.

  opportunities /ˌɒpərˈtunɪtiz/ – chances to do something good.

  ahead /əˈhɛd/ – in the future.

  factors /ˈfæktərz/ – reasons for something happening.

  destination /ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən/ – the place you are going to.

  employment /ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ – having a job.

  wages /weɪdʒɪz/ – the money you earn for work.

  facilities /fəˈsɪlətiz/ – things like buildings or equipment that make life easier.

  working conditions /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz/ – the environment where people work.

  economic /ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪk/ – about money or jobs.

  social /ˈsoʊʃəl/ – about people living together.

  political /pəˈlɪtɪkəl/ – about government or leadership.

  natural disasters /ˈnætʃrəl dɪˈzæstərz/ – bad events like floods or earthquakes.

  origin /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ – where something comes from.

  shortage /ˈʃɔːrtɪdʒ/ – not having enough of something.

  labour /ˈleɪbər/ – work, especially physical work.

  resources /rɪˈsɔːrsɪz/ – useful things like land, water, or money.

  prospects /ˈprɒspɛkts/ – chances for success.

  boost /buːst/ – to make something better or stronger.

  productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ – how much work is done in a certain time.

  innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ – a new idea or way of doing something.

  perspectives /pərˈspɛktɪvz/ – different ways of looking at things.

  heritage /ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ/ – traditions and culture from the past.

  cohesion /koʊˈhiːʒən/ – sticking together as a group.

  drawbacks /ˈdrɔːbæks/ – problems or disadvantages.

  skilled /skɪld/ – having special abilities.

  challenging /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ – difficult in a way that tests your abilities.

  overrun /ˌoʊvərˈrʌn/ – filled too much with people or things.

  pay /peɪ/ – money you get for work.

  population /ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən/ – the number of people in a place.

  adverse /ˈædvɜːrs/ – bad or harmful.

  environment /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ – the natural world around us.

  cultural displacement /ˈkʌltʃərəl dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ – feeling lost in a new culture.

  customs /ˈkʌstəmz/ – traditions or habits of a place.

  grid /ɡrɪd/ – a set of lines crossing each other to form squares.

  vertical /ˈvɜːrtɪkəl/ – going up and down.

  horizontal /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl/ – going side to side.

  aim /eɪm/ – a goal or plan.

  disadvantages /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒɪz/ – things that make life harder.

  unexpected /ˌʌnɪkˈspɛktɪd/ – surprising; not planned.

  event /ɪˈvɛnt/ – something that happens.

91. tourism /ˈtʊə.rɪ.zəm/ – traveling for fun or relaxation.

92. migrant /ˈmaɪ.ɡrənt/ – a person who moves from one place to another.

93. citizenship /ˈsɪt.ɪ.zən.ʃɪp/ – being a legal member of a country.

94. trend /trend/ – a general direction in which something is developing.

95. opportunities /ˌɒp.əˈtjuː.nə.tiz/ – good chances to do something.

96. factor /ˈfæk.tər/ – one of the things that cause a result.

97. push /pʊʃ/ – something that forces someone to move.

98. pull /pʊl/ – something that attracts someone.

99. attract /əˈtrækt/ – to make someone want to come.

100. destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – the place where someone is going.

101. employment /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ – work for which you are paid.

102. wage /weɪdʒ/ – money you earn for working.

103. facility /fəˈsɪl.ə.ti/ – a building or service for a specific purpose.

104. working conditions /ˈwɜː.kɪŋ kənˈdɪʃ.ənz/ – the environment and rules where you work.

105. economic /ˌiː.kəˈnɒm.ɪk/ – related to money and business.

106. social /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/ – related to people and their relationships.

107. political /pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/ – related to government and power.

108. natural disaster /ˈnætʃ.ər.əl dɪˈzɑː.stər/ – an event like a flood or earthquake.

109. origin /ˈɒr.ɪ.dʒɪn/ – the place something comes from.

110. benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/ – a good or helpful result.

111. potential /pəˈten.ʃəl/ – possibility to become something good.

112. rural /ˈrʊə.rəl/ – related to the countryside.

113. shortage /ˈʃɔː.tɪdʒ/ – not enough of something.

114. resource /rɪˈzɔːs/ – something useful, like land or water.

115. destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – (repeated, so skipped).

116. cultural /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/ – related to a group’s ideas and traditions.

117. labour shortage /ˈleɪ.bər ˈʃɔː.tɪdʒ/ – not enough workers.

118. consumer expenditure /kənˈsjuː.mər ɪkˈspen.dɪ.tʃər/ – money people spend on things.

119. skill /skɪl/ – ability to do something well.

120. knowledge /ˈnɒ.lɪdʒ/ – information or understanding.

121. boost /buːst/ – to increase or improve something.

122. productivity /ˌprɒd.ʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/ – how much work is done.

123. innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ – a new idea or method.

124. idea /aɪˈdɪə/ – a thought or plan.

125. perspective /pəˈspek.tɪv/ – a way of thinking about something.

126. heritage /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/ – traditions from the past.

127. cohesion /kəʊˈhiː.ʒən/ – sticking together or being united.

128. drawback /ˈdrɔː.bæk/ – a disadvantage or problem.

129. skilled /skɪld/ – very good at something.

130. human resources /ˈhjuː.mən rɪˈzɔːsɪz/ – workers or employees.

131. challenging /ˈtʃæl.ɪn.dʒɪŋ/ – difficult in a way that tests you.

132. overrun /ˌəʊ.vəˈrʌn/ – to have too many people or things.

133. low pay /ləʊ peɪ/ – getting little money for work.

134. adverse effects /ˈæd.vɜːs ɪˈfekts/ – bad results.

135. environment /ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mənt/ – the natural world.

136. cultural displacement /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl dɪsˈpleɪs.mənt/ – feeling out of place in a new culture.

137. adapt /əˈdæpt/ – to change to fit new conditions.

138. custom /ˈkʌs.təm/ – a traditional way of behaving.

139. destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – (repeated again, still skipped).

140. intention /ɪnˈten.ʃən/ – a plan or aim.

141. overrun /ˌəʊ.vəˈrʌn/ – (repeated, skipped).

142. disadvantage /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/ – something that causes problems.

143. disaster /dɪˈzɑː.stər/ – a very bad event.

144. chance /tʃɑːns/ – a possibility.

145. force /fɔːs/ – to make someone do something.

146. urgent /ˈɜː.dʒənt/ – very important and needing quick action.

147. residence /ˈrez.ɪ.dəns/ – a place where someone lives.

148. accommodation /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/ – a place to stay or live.

149. migrate /maɪˈɡreɪt/ – to move from one place to another.

150. visa /ˈviː.zə/ – official permission to enter a country.

151. permit /ˈpɜː.mɪt/ – an official document allowing something.

152. refugee /ˌref.juˈdʒiː/ – someone forced to leave their country.

153. asylum /əˈsaɪ.ləm/ – protection given to refugees.

154. internally displaced person (IDP) /ɪnˈtɜː.nəl.i dɪˈspleɪst ˈpɜː.sən/ – someone forced to move within their own country.

155. emigrate /ˈem.ɪ.ɡreɪt/ – to leave your country to live elsewhere.

156. immigrate /ˈɪm.ɪ.ɡreɪt/ – to come into a new country to live.

157. remittance /rɪˈmɪt.əns/ – money sent home by a worker abroad.

158. brain drain /ˈbreɪn dreɪn/ – when talented people leave their home country.

159. repatriate /ˌriːˈpæt.ri.eɪt/ – to return someone to their own country.

160. integrate /ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/ – to become part of a new community.

161. discrimination /dɪˌskrɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – unfair treatment of people.

162. xenophobia /ˌzen.əˈfəʊ.bi.ə/ – fear or hatred of foreigners.

163. multicultural /ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/ – involving many different cultures.

164. diversity /daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ – a range of different people or things.

165. segregation /ˌseɡ.rɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ – keeping groups apart.

166. inclusion /ɪnˈkluː.ʒən/ – making sure everyone is accepted.

167. prejudice /ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs/ – an unfair opinion about someone.

168. barrier /ˈbær.i.ər/ – something that blocks progress.

169. demographic /ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk/ – related to the population.

170. census /ˈsen.səs/ – an official population count.

171. urbanisation /ˌɜː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ – when more people move to cities.

172. slum /slʌm/ – a very poor and crowded area.

173. overpopulation /ˌəʊ.vəˌpɒp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/ – too many people in one place.

174. congestion /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ – overcrowding, especially in cities.

175. pollution /pəˈluː.ʃən/ – dirtying of air, water, or land.

176. sanitation /ˌsæn.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ – systems for clean water and waste removal.

177. infrastructure /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/ – basic structures like roads and bridges.

178. affordable /əˈfɔː.də.bəl/ – cheap enough to buy or use.

179. housing /ˈhaʊ.zɪŋ/ – places where people live.

180. standard of living /ˈstæn.dəd əv ˈlɪv.ɪŋ/ – the level of comfort people have.

181. quality of life /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti əv laɪf/ – overall happiness and well-being.

182. gentrification /ˌdʒen.trɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – when a poor area becomes richer and changes.

183. eviction /ɪˈvɪk.ʃən/ – being forced to leave your home.

184. social mobility /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl məʊˈbɪl.ə.ti/ – moving up or down in society.

185. inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɒl.ə.ti/ – unfair difference between groups.

186. privilege /ˈprɪv.əl.ɪdʒ/ – having advantages others do not have.

187. marginalisation /ˌmɑː.dʒɪ.nə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ – being pushed to the edge of society.

188. empowerment /ɪmˈpaʊə.mənt/ – giving people more power and control.

189. advocate /ˈæd.və.kət/ – a person who supports a cause.

190. protest /ˈprəʊ.test/ – showing disagreement publicly.

191. activism /ˈæk.tɪ.vɪ.zəm/ – taking action to create change.

192. campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ – organized efforts to achieve a goal.

193. awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ – knowing or understanding something.

194. sustainable /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/ – able to continue without harming nature.

195. resilient /rɪˈzɪl.i.ənt/ – able to recover quickly from difficulties.

196. adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/ – changing to survive better.

197. innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ – (already defined, so skipped if repeated).

198. cooperation /kəʊˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/ – working together.

199. solidarity /ˌsɒl.ɪˈdær.ə.ti/ – support between people with a common goal.

200. humanity /hjuːˈmæn.ə.ti/ – kindness and concern for others.

Unit 8  

  pictures /ˈpɪk.tʃəz/ – drawings or photographs

  child /tʃaɪld/ – a young person

  profession /prəˈfɛʃ.ən/ – a type of job

  important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/ – having great value or significance

  evening /ˈiː.vnɪŋ/ – the time after the afternoon and before night

  walk /wɔːk/ – to move by putting one foot in front of the other

  field /fiːld/ – an open land area

  shoes /ʃuːz/ – footwear

  path /pɑːθ/ – a track or way

  farmer /ˈfɑː.mə/ – a person who works on a farm

  working /ˈwɜː.kɪŋ/ – doing a job

  nearby /ˌnɪəˈbaɪ/ – close in distance

  mischief /ˈmɪs.tʃɪf/ – playful misbehavior

  confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ – not understanding

  bushes /bʊʃɪz/ – small plants or shrubs

  troubled /ˈtrʌb.əld/ – worried or upset

  reply /rɪˈplaɪ/ – to answer

  serious /ˈsɪə.ri.əs/ – not joking

  weak /wiːk/ – not strong

  precious /ˈpreʃ.əs/ – very valuable

  curious /ˈkjʊə.ri.əs/ – wanting to know more

  coins /kɔɪnz/ – metal money

  effects /ɪˈfekts/ – results or outcomes

  hid /hɪd/ – past tense of hide

  waiting /ˈweɪ.tɪŋ/ – staying until something happens

  wore /wɔː/ – past tense of wear

  surprised /səˈpraɪzd/ – feeling unexpected

  hands /hændz/ – body parts at the end of arms

  inside /ɪnˈsaɪd/ – within something

  looked /lʊkt/ – past tense of look

  around /əˈraʊnd/ – in the surrounding area

  ground /ɡraʊnd/ – the earth's surface

  knees /niːz/ – joints in the middle of the legs

  sky /skaɪ/ – the space above the earth

  folded /ˈfəʊl.dɪd/ – bent over

  hands /hændz/ – body parts at the end of arms

  crying /ˈkraɪ.ɪŋ/ – shedding tears

  God /ɡɒd/ – a deity

  help /help/ – to assist

  thanks /θæŋks/ – expression of gratitude

  medicine /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/ – treatment for illness

  sick /sɪk/ – ill or unwell

  wife /waɪf/ – a married woman

  feed /fiːd/ – to give food

  starving /ˈstɑː.vɪŋ/ – very hungry

  children /ˈtʃɪl.drən/ – young people

  great /ɡreɪt/ – very good

  home /həʊm/ – where one lives

  saw /sɔː/ – past tense of see

  satisfied /ˈsæt.ɪs.faɪd/ – content or pleased

  tears /tɪəz/ – drops from eyes when crying

  hugged /hʌɡd/ – held someone closely

  trouble /ˈtrʌb.l/ – problems or difficulties

  learnt /lɜːnt/ – past tense of learn

  joy /dʒɔɪ/ – happiness

  taking /ˈteɪ.kɪŋ/ – removing

  giving /ˈɡɪv.ɪŋ/ – offering

  misconduct /ˌmɪsˈkɒn.dʌkt/ – bad behavior

  mishap /ˈmɪs.hæp/ – an accident

  misbehaviour /ˌmɪs.bɪˈheɪ.vjər/ – improper conduct

  valuable /ˈvæl.jə.bəl/ – worth a lot

  expensive /ɪkˈspen.sɪv/ – costing a lot

  useless /ˈjuːs.ləs/ – not helpful

  impossible /ɪmˈpɒs.ə.bəl/ – not able to happen

  sufficient /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/ – enough

  lively /ˈlaɪv.li/ – full of energy

  depressed /dɪˈprest/ – very sad

  cheerful /ˈtʃɪə.fəl/ – happy

  rejected /rɪˈdʒektɪd/ – not accepted

  embraced /ɪmˈbreɪst/ – held closely

  cuddled /ˈkʌd.əld/ – held closely for warmth

  outgoing /ˈaʊtˌɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ – sociable

  fun /fʌn/ – enjoyment

  escape /ɪˈskeɪp/ – to get away

  prison /ˈprɪz.ən/ – a place for criminals

  match /mætʃ/ – a game or contest

  coach /kəʊtʃ/ – a sports trainer

  museum /mjuːˈziː.əm/ – a place displaying objects

  rare /reə/ – uncommon

  treasures /ˈtreʒ.əz/ – valuable items

  correct /kəˈrekt/ – right or accurate

  order /ˈɔː.dər/ – arrangement

  incident /ˈɪn.sɪ.dənt/ – an event

  inspired /ɪnˈspaɪəd/ – motivated

  invent /ɪnˈvent/ – to create something new

  benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/ – an advantage

  compared /kəmˈpeəd/ – looked at similarities

  electricity /ɪˌlekˈtrɪs.ɪ.ti/ – energy for power

  called /kɔːld/ – named

  white coal /waɪt kəʊl/ – nickname for electricity

  wonder /ˈwʌn.dər/ – something amazing

  space /speɪs/ – the universe beyond Earth

  orbit /ˈɔː.bɪt/ – path around a planet

  powerful /ˈpaʊə.fəl/ – very strong

  rockets /ˈrɒk.ɪts/ – vehicles for space travel

  landed /ˈlæn.dɪd/ – came down to the ground

  moon /muːn/ – Earth's natural satellite

  team /tiːm/ – a group working together

  launched /lɔːntʃt/ – sent into the air or space

  radio /ˈreɪ.di.əʊ/ – device for listening to broadcasts

  television /ˈtel.ɪ.vɪʒ.ən/ – device for watching broadcasts

  wireless /ˈwaɪə.ləs/ – without wires

  telegraphy /təˈleɡ.rə.fi/ – sending messages over distance

  scientist /ˈsaɪən.tɪst/ – a person who studies science

  replaced /rɪˈpleɪst/ – took the place of

  mobiles /ˈməʊ.baɪlz/ – mobile phones

  different /ˈdɪf.ər.ənt/ – not the same

  interesting /ˈɪn.trə.stɪŋ/ – engaging

  funny /ˈfʌn.i/ – causing laughter

  face /feɪs/ – front part of the head

  speaking /ˈspiː.kɪŋ/ – talking

  video /ˈvɪd.i.əʊ/ – a recording of moving pictures

  telephone /ˈtel.ɪ.fəʊn/ – a device for talking over distance

  talk /tɔːk/ – to speak

  important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/ – valuable or necessary

  invention /ɪnˈven.ʃən/ – something newly made or discovered

  founder /ˈfaʊn.dər/ – someone who starts something (like a school or company)

  scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/ – based on science

  principle /ˈprɪn.sə.pəl/ – a basic rule or truth

  machine /məˈʃiːn/ – a device with moving parts

  important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/ – significant or meaningful (repeated word, same meaning)

  progress /ˈprəʊ.ɡres/ – improvement or growth

  society /səˈsaɪ.ə.ti/ – a community of people

  life-saving /ˈlaɪfˌseɪ.vɪŋ/ – preventing death or danger

  tool /tuːl/ – an object used to do work

  transport /ˈtræn.spɔːt/ – moving people or things

  improved /ɪmˈpruːvd/ – made better

  system /ˈsɪs.təm/ – a method or process

  engine /ˈen.dʒɪn/ – a machine that powers vehicles

  steam /stiːm/ – hot vapor from boiling water

  train /treɪn/ – a vehicle that runs on tracks

  vehicle /ˈvɪə.kəl/ – a means of transport like a car or bus

  development /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/ – the process of growth or improvement

  world /wɜːld/ – the Earth or people in it

  faster /ˈfɑː.stər/ – moving more quickly

  safer /ˈseɪ.fər/ – less dangerous

  aeroplane /ˈeə.rə.pleɪn/ – aircraft or airplane

  pilot /ˈpaɪ.lət/ – a person who flies aircraft

  travel /ˈtræv.əl/ – go from one place to another

  distance /ˈdɪs.təns/ – how far apart things are

  destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – the place someone is going

  sea /siː/ – large body of salt water

  ship /ʃɪp/ – a large boat

  boat /bəʊt/ – a small water vehicle

  submarine /ˌsʌb.məˈriːn/ – a vessel that goes underwater

  communication /kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – sharing of information

  letter /ˈlet.ər/ – written message

  email /ˈiː.meɪl/ – electronic message

  internet /ˈɪn.tə.net/ – a network connecting computers

  search /sɜːtʃ/ – to look for

  information /ˌɪn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/ – knowledge or data

  share /ʃeər/ – to give to others

  instant /ˈɪn.stənt/ – happening immediately

  message /ˈmes.ɪdʒ/ – communication sent to someone

  quickly /ˈkwɪk.li/ – fast or soon

  health /helθ/ – being well or free of illness

  treatment /ˈtriːt.mənt/ – medical help

  disease /dɪˈziːz/ – illness

  operation /ˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/ – surgery

  machine /məˈʃiːn/ – device used for work (repeat word)

  X-ray /ˈeks.reɪ/ – image of inside the body

  scan /skæn/ – a medical test that looks inside the body

  robot /ˈrəʊ.bɒt/ – machine that can do tasks

  surgery /ˈsɜː.dʒər.i/ – a medical operation

  technology /tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/ – science used in practical ways

  engineer /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪər/ – someone who builds or designs

  designer /dɪˈzaɪ.nər/ – a person who creates plans

  dream /driːm/ – a hope or goal

  possibility /ˌpɒs.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ – something that can happen

  future /ˈfjuː.tʃər/ – time to come

  young /jʌŋ/ – not old

  imagine /ɪˈmædʒ.ɪn/ – to picture in the mind

  curiosity /ˌkjʊə.riˈɒs.ə.ti/ – desire to learn

  experiment /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ – a test or trial

  science /saɪəns/ – study of the natural world

  creative /kriˈeɪ.tɪv/ – having new ideas

  solution /səˈluː.ʃən/ – answer to a problem

  problem /ˈprɒb.ləm/ – a difficult situation

  inventor /ɪnˈven.tər/ – a person who creates something new

  useful /ˈjuːs.fəl/ – helpful

  idea /aɪˈdɪə/ – a thought or plan

  begin /bɪˈɡɪn/ – to start

  work /wɜːk/ – a job or task

  create /kriˈeɪt/ – to make something

  new /njuː/ – not old

  hope /həʊp/ – a wish for something good

  change /tʃeɪndʒ/ – to make different

  world /wɜːld/ – our planet (repeat word)

  brave /breɪv/ – not afraid

  bold /bəʊld/ – confident and fearless

  bright /braɪt/ – full of light or smart

  future /ˈfjuː.tʃər/ – time to come (repeat word)

  leader /ˈliː.dər/ – someone who guides others

  care /keər/ – to look after

  people /ˈpiː.pəl/ – human beings

  change /tʃeɪndʒ/ – to make different (repeat word)

  things /θɪŋz/ – objects or matters

  good /ɡʊd/ – positive or beneficial

  better /ˈbet.ər/ – improved or more good

Unit 9  

transition /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/ – change from one thing to another

assumption /əˈsʌmp.ʃən/ – something believed to be true without proof

realise /ˈrɪə.laɪz/ – become aware or understand clearly

academic /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/ – related to education or studies

freedom /ˈfriː.dəm/ – ability to do what you want

tuition /tjuˈɪʃ.ən/ – money paid for education

residence /ˈrez.ɪ.dəns/ – place where someone lives

rental /ˈren.təl/ – payment made for using something (like a house)

expenses /ɪkˈspensɪz/ – money spent on something

learning /ˈlɜː.nɪŋ/ – the process of gaining knowledge

materials /məˈtɪə.ri.əlz/ – things like books or tools used for study

textbooks /ˈtekst.bʊks/ – books used for studying a subject

workload /ˈwɜːk.ləʊd/ – the amount of work to do

assignments /əˈsaɪn.mənts/ – tasks given as schoolwork

effort /ˈef.ət/ – use of physical or mental energy

pressure /ˈpreʃ.ər/ – stress or feeling of urgency

participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ – take part in an activity

athletic /æθˈlet.ɪk/ – related to sports or physical activities

facilities /fəˈsɪl.ə.tiz/ – buildings or services for a purpose

boast /bəʊst/ – say something proudly

variety /vəˈraɪ.ə.ti/ – many different types

environment /ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mənt/ – the surroundings or conditions

stimulating /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪ.tɪŋ/ – interesting and exciting

adequately /ˈæd.ə.kwət.li/ – in a good enough way

prepared /prɪˈpeəd/ – ready for something

challenging /ˈtʃæl.ɪn.dʒɪŋ/ – difficult in a way that tests ability

stimulating /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪ.tɪŋ/ – encouraging interest or activity

conscious /ˈkɒn.ʃəs/ – aware of something

academy /əˈkæd.ə.mi/ – school or place for learning

campus /ˈkæm.pəs/ – land and buildings of a university or college

faculty /ˈfæk.əl.ti/ – group of teachers in a college

lecture /ˈlek.tʃər/ – educational talk to a group of students

library /ˈlaɪ.brər.i/ – place where books are kept for study

graduation /ˌɡrædʒ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/ – ceremony of finishing a degree

alumni /əˈlʌm.naɪ/ – former students of a school

scholarship /ˈskɒl.ə.ʃɪp/ – money given for education

dormitory /ˈdɔː.mɪ.tər.i/ – a building where students live

semester /sɪˈmes.tər/ – half-year school term

freshman /ˈfreʃ.mən/ – first-year student

crowded /ˈkraʊ.dɪd/ – full of people

slim /slɪm/ – thin in an attractive way

expensive /ɪkˈspen.sɪv/ – costing a lot of money

hard /hɑːd/ – needing a lot of effort

bad /bæd/ – not good or poor in quality

important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/ – having great value or meaning

exciting /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪŋ/ – causing strong interest or emotion

earlier /ˈɜː.li.ər/ – more early

scarier /ˈskeə.ri.ər/ – more frightening

juicier /ˈdʒuː.si.ər/ – containing more juice

sweeter /ˈswiː.tər/ – more sweet in taste

  variety /vəˈraɪ.ə.ti/ – many different types of something

  environment /ɪnˈvaɪ.rən.mənt/ – the surroundings or setting of a place

  overall /ˌəʊ.vərˈɔːl/ – considering everything

  costly /ˈkɒst.li/ – expensive

  socially /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.i/ – in a way that involves being with people

  stimulating /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪ.tɪŋ/ – making you feel interested or excited

  taken into account /ˈteɪ.kən ˈɪn.tu əˈkaʊnt/ – considered or remembered

  conscious /ˈkɒn.ʃəs/ – aware of something

  adequately /ˈæd.ɪ.kwət.li/ – well enough

  prepared /prɪˈpeəd/ – ready for something

  challenging /ˈtʃæl.ɪn.dʒɪŋ/ – difficult in a way that tests ability

  exciting /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪŋ/ – making you feel happy and interested

  crowded /ˈkraʊ.dɪd/ – full of people or things

  heavy /ˈhev.i/ – weighing a lot

  slim /slɪm/ – thin in an attractive way

  expensive /ɪkˈspen.sɪv/ – costing a lot of money

  hard /hɑːd/ – needing much effort

  bad /bæd/ – not good

  important /ɪmˈpɔː.tənt/ – having great meaning or effect

  early /ˈɜː.li/ – before the usual time

  scarier /ˈskeə.ri.ər/ – more frightening

  windier /ˈwɪn.di.ər/ – with more wind

  juicier /ˈdʒuː.si.ər/ – having more juice

  sweeter /ˈswiː.tər/ – having more sugar or a pleasant taste

  tidier /ˈtaɪ.di.ər/ – more clean and organized

  newer /ˈnjuː.ər/ – more recent or modern

  bigger /ˈbɪɡ.ər/ – larger in size

  scarier /ˈskeə.ri.ər/ – more frightening

  taller /ˈtɔː.lər/ – of greater height

  faster /ˈfɑː.stər/ – moving more quickly

  juicier /ˈdʒuː.si.ər/ – with more juice

  sweeter /ˈswiː.tər/ – tasting more sweet

  typical /ˈtɪp.ɪ.kəl/ – usual or normal

  altitude /ˈæl.tɪ.tʃuːd/ – height above sea level

  households /ˈhaʊs.həʊldz/ – homes and the people living in them

  destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – a place someone is going to

  hospitality /ˌhɒs.pɪˈtæl.ə.ti/ – friendly and generous treatment of visitors

  authenticity /ˌɔː.θenˈtɪs.ə.ti/ – being real or genuine

  cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ – style of cooking

  landscape /ˈlænd.skeɪp/ – large area of land scenery

  stunning /ˈstʌn.ɪŋ/ – very beautiful

  terrace /ˈter.əs/ – flat raised area on a slope used for farming

  lush /lʌʃ/ – green and full of life

  forest /ˈfɒr.ɪst/ – a large area of trees

  settlement /ˈset.əl.mənt/ – a small community of people living in a new area

  headquarters /ˌhedˈkwɔː.təz/ – main office of an organization

  lifestyle /ˈlaɪf.staɪl/ – the way a person lives

  liquor /ˈlɪk.ər/ – a strong alcoholic drink

  performances /pəˈfɔː.mənsɪz/ – shows for an audience

  temple /ˈtem.pəl/ – a building used for worship

  artifact /ˈɑː.tɪ.fækt/ – an object made by humans, often historical

  spiritual /ˈspɪr.ɪ.tʃu.əl/ – relating to the soul or religion

  monks /mʌŋks/ – men who live a religious life, often in a monastery

  pilgrimage /ˈpɪl.ɡrɪ.mɪdʒ/ – a journey to a holy place

  respect /rɪˈspekt/ – admiration or politeness for someone or something

  conservation /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/ – protecting nature and wildlife

  heritage /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/ – traditions or history passed down from the past

  community /kəˈmjuː.nə.ti/ – a group of people living in the same area

  responsible /rɪˈspɒn.sə.bəl/ – having duty or control over something

  benefit /ˈben.ɪ.fɪt/ – a helpful or good result

  economy /ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/ – the system of money and trade in a country

  cultural /ˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/ – related to the ideas and traditions of a group

  identity /aɪˈden.tə.ti/ – who someone is

  dignity /ˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/ – self-respect or respect from others

  mutual /ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/ – shared by two or more people

  respect /rɪˈspekt/ – a feeling of admiration or politeness

  appreciation /əˌpriː.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/ – understanding the value of something

  involved /ɪnˈvɒlvd/ – taking part in something

  awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ – knowing about something

  practices /ˈpræk.tɪ.sɪz/ – usual ways of doing things

  contribute /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/ – to give something to help

  preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ – to keep something in good condition

  attract /əˈtrækt/ – to draw attention or interest

  income /ˈɪn.kʌm/ – money earned from work or business

  employment /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ – having a job

  infrastructure /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/ – basic systems and services like roads and electricity

  sanitation /ˌsæn.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ – keeping places clean and healthy

  waste /weɪst/ – unwanted or unused materials

  pollution /pəˈluː.ʃən/ – harmful substances in the air, water, or land

  impact /ˈɪm.pækt/ – the effect something has

  ecosystem /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/ – all the living and non-living things in an area

  wildlife /ˈwaɪld.laɪf/ – animals and plants in nature

  biodiversity /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ – variety of life in a place

  erosion /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ – wearing away of land by wind or water

  fragile /ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/ – easily broken or damaged

  flora /ˈflɔː.rə/ – plants of a particular area

  fauna /ˈfɔː.nə/ – animals of a particular area

  sustainable /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/ – able to be continued without harming the environment

  minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/ – to make something as small as possible

  carbon footprint /ˈkɑː.bən ˌfʊt.prɪnt/ – amount of carbon dioxide a person or activity produces

  emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/ – gas or substance sent into the air

  renewable /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bəl/ – can be replaced naturally

  resource /rɪˈzɔːs/ – something used to help or support

  awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ – knowledge or understanding of something

  initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/ – a new plan or action

  participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ – to take part in something

  volunteer /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/ – to do something without being paid

  engage /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/ – to take part or get involved

  interact /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/ – to communicate or work together

  enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/ – to improve or make better

  hospitality /ˌhɒs.pɪˈtæl.ə.ti/ – friendly and generous treatment of guests

  exchange /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ – giving something and receiving something in return

  cross-cultural /ˌkrɒsˈkʌl.tʃər.əl/ – involving two or more different cultures

  tradition /trəˈdɪʃ.ən/ – custom passed down over time

  authentic /ɔːˈθen.tɪk/ – real or genuine

  cuisine /kwɪˈziːn/ – style of cooking

  handicraft /ˈhæn.dɪ.krɑːft/ – handmade item or art

  storytelling /ˈstɔː.riˌtel.ɪŋ/ – telling stories, often as a tradition

  folklore /ˈfəʊk.lɔːr/ – traditional stories and customs of a group

  livelihood /ˈlaɪv.li.hʊd/ – way of earning a living

  showcase /ˈʃəʊ.keɪs/ – to show something in a good way

  destination /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – place where someone is going

  region /ˈriː.dʒən/ – a large area or part of a country

  traveler /ˈtræv.əl.ər/ – someone who goes from place to place

  inhabitant /ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tənt/ – person who lives in a place

  encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.tər/ – meeting someone or something unexpectedly

  awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ – understanding or knowledge about something

  ecosystem /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/ – system of living things and environment

  preservation /ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ – keeping something in good condition

  endangered /ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/ – at risk of disappearing or extinction

  extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ – no longer existing

  conservationist /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən.ɪst/ – someone who works to protect nature

  habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/ – natural home of an animal or plant

  climate /ˈklaɪ.mət/ – usual weather conditions of a place

  eco-friendly /ˈiː.kəʊˌfrend.li/ – not harmful to the environment

  campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ – planned activities to achieve a goal

  awareness /əˈweə.nəs/ – knowledge or understanding of a subject

  policy /ˈpɒl.ə.si/ – official rule or guideline

  government /ˈɡʌv.ən.mənt/ – group that rules a country or area

  stakeholder /ˈsteɪkˌhəʊl.dər/ – person or group involved in or affected by something

  support /səˈpɔːt/ – to help or back someone or something

  cooperation /kəʊˌɒp.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/ – working together

  international /ˌɪn.təˈnæʃ.ən.əl/ – between countries

  sustainable tourism /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl ˈtʊə.rɪ.zəm/ – tourism that does not harm nature or culture

  guidelines /ˈɡaɪd.laɪnz/ – official advice or rules

  framework /ˈfreɪm.wɜːk/ – a structure or plan to guide something

  regulation /ˌreɡ.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/ – rule or law

  certification /ˌsɜː.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – official approval of something

  destination management /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt/ – planning and controlling tourism in a place

  planning /ˈplæn.ɪŋ/ – deciding how to do something

  monitoring /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tər.ɪŋ/ – checking progress or changes

  evaluation /ɪˌvæl.juˈeɪ.ʃən/ – judging how good something is

  report /rɪˈpɔːt/ – written or spoken information

  data /ˈdeɪ.tə/ – information or facts

  indicator /ˈɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tər/ – something that shows a change or condition

  trend /trend/ – general direction of change

  analysis /əˈnæl.ə.sɪs/ – studying something in detail

  outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/ – the result of something

  recommendation /ˌrek.ə.menˈdeɪ.ʃən/ – suggestion or advice

  implementation /ˌɪm.plɪ.menˈteɪ.ʃən/ – putting a plan into action

Unit 10  

  Vacancy /ˈveɪ.kən.si/ – An available job position.

  Announcement /əˈnaʊns.mənt/ – A public statement about something.

  Entity /ˈen.tɪ.ti/ – An organization or group.

  Gender /ˈdʒen.dər/ – Being male or female.

  Equality /iˈkwɒl.ə.ti/ – Being the same in status or rights.

  Empowerment /ɪmˈpaʊə.mənt/ – Gaining strength and confidence.

  Elimination /ɪˌlɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – Removal or getting rid of something.

  Discrimination /dɪˌskrɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ – Unfair treatment of people.

  Achievement /əˈtʃiːv.mənt/ – Something done successfully.

  Beneficiaries /ˌben.ɪˈfɪʃ.ər.iz/ – People who receive help or benefits.

  Development /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/ – Growth or progress.

  Humanitarian /hjuːˌmæn.ɪˈteə.ri.ən/ – Helping people in need.

  Security /sɪˈkjʊə.rə.ti/ – Being safe and protected.

  Applications /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃənz/ – Requests to be considered for something.

  Qualified /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪd/ – Having the right skills or education.

  Citizens /ˈsɪt.ɪ.zənz/ – People who belong to a country.

  Commitment /kəˈmɪt.mənt/ – Being dedicated to something.

  Integrity /ɪnˈteɡ.rə.ti/ – Being honest and having strong morals.

  Demonstrable /ˈdem.ən.strə.bəl/ – Able to be shown or proven.

  Teamwork /ˈtiːm.wɜːk/ – Working well with others.

  Competencies /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tən.siz/ – Skills or abilities.

  Descriptions /dɪˈskrɪp.ʃənz/ – Details about something.

  Administrative /ədˈmɪn.ɪ.strə.tɪv/ – Related to office work.

  Support /səˈpɔːt/ – Help or assistance.

  Duty /ˈdjuː.ti/ – A responsibility or task.

  Station /ˈsteɪ.ʃən/ – A place where someone works.

  Contract /ˈkɒn.trækt/ – A written agreement.

  Duration /djʊəˈreɪ.ʃən/ – How long something lasts.

  Extension /ɪkˈsten.ʃən/ – Making something longer.

  Closing /ˈkləʊ.zɪŋ/ – Ending or finishing.

  Secondary /ˈsek.ən.dri/ – High school level.

  Bachelor's /ˈbætʃ.əl.əz/ – A university degree.

  Computer /kəmˈpjuː.tər/ – An electronic device for processing data.

  Science /ˈsaɪ.əns/ – Study of the natural world.

  Asset /ˈæs.et/ – Something valuable or useful.

  Certified /ˈsɜː.tɪ.faɪd/ – Officially recognized.

  Network /ˈnet.wɜːk/ – A system of connected things.

  Engineer /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪər/ – A person who designs or builds things.

  Microsoft /ˈmaɪ.krə.sɒft/ – A technology company.

  Systems /ˈsɪs.təmz/ – Organized methods or procedures.

  Professional /prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl/ – A person skilled in a job.

  Progressively /prəˈɡres.ɪv.li/ – Increasingly over time.

  Responsible /rɪˈspɒn.sə.bəl/ – Being in charge of something.

  Experience /ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əns/ – Knowledge from doing something.

  Administration /ədˌmɪn.ɪˈstreɪ.ʃən/ – Managing operations.

  Hardware /ˈhɑːd.weər/ – Physical parts of a computer.

  Software /ˈsɒft.weər/ – Programs used by a computer.

  Telecommunications /ˌtel.ɪ.kəˌmjuː.nɪˈkeɪ.ʃənz/ – Communication over distances.

  Facilities /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.tiz/ – Buildings or services provided.

  Usage /ˈjuː.sɪdʒ/ – The way something is used.

  Packages /ˈpæk.ɪ.dʒɪz/ – Sets of items or programs.

  Fluency /ˈfluː.ən.si/ – Ability to speak a language well.

  Online /ˈɒn.laɪn/ – Connected to the internet.

  Application /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – A request for something.

  History /ˈhɪs.tər.i/ – A record of past events.

  Form /fɔːm/ – A document to fill out.

  Download /ˈdaʊn.ləʊd/ – To get data from the internet.

  Website /ˈweb.saɪt/ – A place on the internet.

  Employment /ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ – Having a job.

  Confidence /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dəns/ – Belief in oneself.

  Diversity /daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ – Variety or differences.

  Nationality /ˌnæʃ.ənˈæl.ə.ti/ – Belonging to a country.

  Culture /ˈkʌl.tʃər/ – Beliefs and customs of a group.

  Minority /maɪˈnɒr.ə.ti/ – A smaller part of a group.

  Indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/ – Native to a place.

  LGBTIQ /ˌel.dʒiː.biː.tiː.aɪˈkjuː/ – A group of diverse sexual identities.

  Disabilities /ˌdɪs.əˈbɪl.ɪ.tiz/ – Physical or mental conditions limiting activities.

  Encouraged /ɪnˈkʌr.ɪdʒd/ – Given support or confidence.

    announcement /əˈnaʊnsmənt/ – a public statement about something

  entity /ˈentəti/ – something that exists as a single unit

  equality /ɪˈkwɒləti/ – being the same in status, rights, or opportunities

  empowerment /ɪmˈpaʊəmənt/ – becoming stronger and more confident

  discrimination /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/ – treating people unfairly because of who they are

  achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ – something done successfully after hard work

  beneficiaries /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəriːz/ – people who receive help or advantages

  development /dɪˈveləpmənt/ – growth or improvement

  humanitarian /hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən/ – helping people who are suffering

  applications /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃənz/ – forms or requests for something, like a job

  qualified /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/ – having the right skills or experience

  citizens /ˈsɪtɪzənz/ – people who belong to a country

  commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/ – being dedicated to a cause or activity

  integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ – honesty and strong moral principles

  teamwork /ˈtiːmwɜːk/ – working together as a group

  competencies /ˈkɒmpɪtənsiːz/ – skills and abilities

  descriptions /dɪˈskrɪpʃənz/ – details that describe something

  administrative /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/ – related to organizing or managing

  station /ˈsteɪʃən/ – a place where someone works

  contract /ˈkɒntrækt/ – an official agreement

  extension /ɪkˈstenʃən/ – making something last longer

  secondary /ˈsekəndəri/ – related to high school level education

  asset /ˈæset/ – something useful or valuable

  certified /ˈsɜːtɪfaɪd/ – officially approved

  engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)/ – someone who builds or fixes machines or systems

  professional /prəˈfeʃənəl/ – someone skilled and qualified in a job

  responsible /rɪˈspɒnsəbəl/ – having duty or control over something

  administration /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən/ – managing work or systems

  telecommunications /ˌtelɪkəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃənz/ – sending information over distances

  packages /ˈpækɪdʒɪz/ – sets of software or things grouped together

  fluency /ˈfluːənsi/ – the ability to speak a language easily and well

  detail /ˈdiːteɪl/ – a small piece of information

  online /ˌɒnˈlaɪn/ – connected to the internet

  driver /ˈdraɪvə(r)/ – a person who drives a vehicle

  license /ˈlaɪsəns/ – legal permission to do something

  embassy /ˈembəsi/ – the office of a country in another country

  system /ˈsɪstəm/ – a group of connected parts working together

  record /ˈrekɔːd/ – information written or saved

  personal /ˈpɜːsənəl/ – belonging to one person

  history /ˈhɪstəri/ – past events or experiences

  form /fɔːm/ – a document to fill out

  confidence /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ – belief in oneself

  workforce /ˈwɜːkfɔːs/ – all the people working in an organization

  diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ – variety or differences among people

  nationality /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/ – the country a person belongs to

  culture /ˈkʌltʃə(r)/ – the way of life of a group of people

  minority /maɪˈnɒrəti/ – a smaller group within a larger group

  indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs/ – native to a place

  disabilities /ˌdɪsəˈbɪlətiz/ – physical or mental conditions that limit activities

  elimination /ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃən/ – removal or getting rid of something

  recruitment /rɪˈkruːtmənt/ – the process of finding new workers

  mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ – someone who repairs machines

  vocational /vəʊˈkeɪʃənəl/ – related to job skills

  qualification /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ – education or skill for a job

  advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ – something helpful or useful

  requirement /rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/ – something needed

  technician /tekˈnɪʃən/ – someone skilled in technical work

  maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/ – keeping something in good condition

  equipment /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/ – tools or machines for a task

  vehicle /ˈviːəkl/ – something used for transportation

  inspection /ɪnˈspekʃən/ – careful checking or looking at something

  preventive /prɪˈventɪv/ – meant to stop something bad from happening

  logbook /ˈlɒɡbʊk/ – a record of events or work

  supervisor /ˈsuːpəvaɪzə(r)/ – a person who watches over work

  troubleshoot /ˈtrʌblʃuːt/ – to find and fix problems

  diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡnəʊz/ – to identify a problem

  malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋkʃən/ – not working properly

  efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ – working well without waste

  hydraulic /haɪˈdrɒlɪk/ – using fluid to move or work machines

  pneumatic /njuːˈmætɪk/ – using air pressure

  electrical /ɪˈlektrɪkəl/ – related to electricity

  manual /ˈmænjuəl/ – done by hand

  automated /ˈɔːtəməteɪtɪd/ – operated by machines

  functionality /ˌfʌŋkʃəˈnæləti/ – how well something works

  precision /prɪˈsɪʒən/ – exactness or accuracy

  calibration /ˌkælɪˈbreɪʃən/ – adjusting tools to make them accurate

  measurement /ˈmeʒəmənt/ – finding out the size or amount

  component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ – a part of something

  systematic /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ – done in an organized way

  procedures /prəˈsiːdʒəz/ – steps to follow in doing something

  inventory /ˈɪnvəntri/ – a list of items or goods

  stock /stɒk/ – the supply of goods

  safety /ˈseɪfti/ – being safe from danger

  protective /prəˈtektɪv/ – meant to keep something safe

  gear /ɡɪə(r)/ – special clothing or tools

  hazard /ˈhæzəd/ – something that can cause harm

  waste /weɪst/ – things that are not needed and thrown away

  disposal /dɪˈspəʊzəl/ – getting rid of something

  regulation /ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃən/ – a rule or law

  compliance /kəmˈplaɪəns/ – following rules or laws

  incident /ˈɪnsɪdənt/ – an event, often unexpected

  report /rɪˈpɔːt/ – a written or spoken account of something

  emergency /ɪˈmɜːdʒənsi/ – a sudden, dangerous situation

  protocol /ˈprəʊtəkɒl/ – a set of rules to follow

  first aid /ˌfɜːst ˈeɪd/ – help given to a sick or injured person

  evacuation /ɪˌvækjuˈeɪʃən/ – leaving a place quickly for safety

  fire extinguisher /ˈfaɪə ɪkˌstɪŋɡwɪʃə(r)/ – a tool used to put out fires

  training /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ – learning how to do something

  orientation /ˌɔːriənˈteɪʃən/ – giving information about a new place or job

  apprenticeship /əˈprentɪsʃɪp/ – learning a job through practice

  mentor /ˈmentɔː(r)/ – a guide or teacher

  supervise /ˈsuːpəvaɪz/ – to watch and guide someone's work

  progress /ˈprəʊɡres/ – improvement or moving forward

  evaluation /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/ – judging or assessing something

  feedback /ˈfiːdbæk/ – giving opinions on performance

  performance /pəˈfɔːməns/ – how well someone does a task

  goal /ɡəʊl/ – something you want to achieve

  target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ – a specific aim or objective

  achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ – something done successfully

  motivation /ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃən/ – the reason for doing something

  incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/ – something that encourages effort

  promotion /prəˈməʊʃən/ – moving to a better job position

  career /kəˈrɪə(r)/ – a job or profession over a long time

  opportunity /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/ – a good chance for something

  advancement /ədˈvɑːnsmənt/ – moving forward in job or position

  salary /ˈsæləri/ – money paid for doing a job

  benefits /ˈbenɪfɪts/ – extra rewards from a job

  allowance /əˈlaʊəns/ – money given for a specific reason

  insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ – protection against loss or harm

  retirement /rɪˈtaɪəmənt/ – stopping work after many years

  pension /ˈpenʃən/ – money paid after retirement

  contractual /kənˈtræktʃuəl/ – related to a contract

  obligation /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/ – something you must do

  entitlement /ɪnˈtaɪtəlmənt/ – the right to something

  probation /prəˈbeɪʃən/ – a test period at a new job

  confirmation /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/ – proving or approving something

  termination /ˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/ – ending of something

  resignation /ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃən/ – choosing to leave a job

  notice /ˈnəʊtɪs/ – telling someone in advance

  grievance /ˈɡriːvəns/ – a complaint

  disciplinary /ˈdɪsəplɪnəri/ – related to punishment or rules

  misconduct /ˌmɪsˈkɒndʌkt/ – bad or wrong behavior at work

  harassment /ˈhærəsmənt/ – unwanted or mean behavior

  violation /ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃən/ – breaking a rule or law

  policy /ˈpɒləsi/ – a set of rules

  code of conduct /kəʊd əv ˈkɒndʌkt/ – rules for good behavior

  ethics /ˈeθɪks/ – ideas of right and wrong

  transparency /trænsˈpærənsi/ – being open and honest

  accountability /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ – taking responsibility

  conflict /ˈkɒnflɪkt/ – disagreement or argument

  resolution /ˌrezəˈluːʃən/ – solving a problem

  negotiation /nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/ – discussion to agree on something

  agreement /əˈɡriːmənt/ – a decision shared by two sides

  mediation /ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/ – help to settle a disagreement

  collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ – working together

  partnership /ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/ – working closely with someone else

  stakeholder /ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r)/ – someone involved in a project or job

  networking /ˈnetwɜːkɪŋ/ – meeting others for job opportunities

  communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/ – sharing information

  presentation /ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/ – showing or explaining something

  public speaking /ˌpʌblɪk ˈspiːkɪŋ/ – talking to a group

  interpersonal /ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənəl/ – between people

  confidence /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ – belief in oneself

  body language /ˈbɒdi ˌlæŋɡwɪdʒ/ – using body to show feelings

  tone /təʊn/ – the sound or feeling in your voice

  active listening /ˈæktɪv ˈlɪsənɪŋ/ – paying close attention to someone speaking

  non-verbal /ˌnɒnˈvɜːbəl/ – not using words

  clarity /ˈklærəti/ – being clear

  feedback /ˈfiːdbæk/ – giving helpful comments

  assertive /əˈsɜːtɪv/ – confident and direct

  respectful /rɪˈspektfəl/ – showing respect

  inclusive /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/ – including everyone

  language barrier /ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ˈbæriə(r)/ – trouble understanding due to different languages

  misunderstanding /ˌmɪsʌndəˈstændɪŋ/ – not understanding something correctly

  clarify /ˈklærɪfaɪ/ – to make something clear

  summarize /ˈsʌməraɪz/ – to tell the main points

  interpreting /ɪnˈtɜːprɪtɪŋ/ – changing words into another language

  translation /trænsˈleɪʃən/ – written words in another language

  cultural sensitivity /ˈkʌltʃərəl ˌsensəˈtɪvəti/ – being aware of other cultures

  adaptation /ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/ – changing to fit a situation

  flexibility /ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ – able to change easily

  adjustment /əˈdʒʌstmənt/ – a small change

  attitude /ˈætɪtjuːd/ – a way of thinking

  mindset /ˈmaɪndset/ – a way of looking at things

  initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ – doing something first or without being told

  creativity /ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvəti/ – using imagination

  innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ – a new idea or method

  critical thinking /ˌkrɪtɪkəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ – thinking carefully and clearly

  problem-solving /ˈprɒbləm ˌsɒlvɪŋ/ – finding answers to problems

  decision-making /dɪˈsɪʒən ˌmeɪkɪŋ/ – choosing what to do

  planning /ˈplænɪŋ/ – deciding in advance

  organizing /ˈɔːɡənaɪzɪŋ/ – arranging things in order

  prioritizing /praɪˈɒrətaɪzɪŋ/ – deciding what’s most important

  scheduling /ˈʃedjuːlɪŋ/ – making a plan for when things happen

  delegating /ˈdelɪɡeɪtɪŋ/ – giving tasks to others

  time management /ˈtaɪm ˌmænɪdʒmənt/ – using time wisely

  goal setting /ˈɡəʊl ˌsetɪŋ/ – choosing what to aim for

  milestone /ˈmaɪlstəʊn/ – a big step in progress

  review /rɪˈvjuː/ – looking back at something

  revision /rɪˈvɪʒən/ – changing or improving something

  deadline /ˈdedlaɪn/ – the latest time to finish something

  output /ˈaʊtpʊt/ – what is made or produced

  deliverable /dɪˈlɪvərəbl/ – something that must be completed

  effort /ˈefət/ – hard work

  outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ – the result

  impact /ˈɪmpækt/ – the effect of something

  satisfaction /ˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/ – feeling happy with something

  recognition /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/ – being noticed or rewarded

  reward /rɪˈwɔːd/ – something given for good work

  celebration /ˌselɪˈbreɪʃən/ – a joyful event or party

Unit 11  

  comprehensive /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/ – complete and including everything

  encompassing /ɪnˈkʌmpəsɪŋ/ – covering or including something

  observances /əbˈzɜːvənsɪz/ – special events or ceremonies for holidays

  specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ – clearly defined or particular

  regions /ˈriːdʒənz/ – areas or parts of a country

  communities /kəˈmjuːnɪtiz/ – groups of people living in the same area

  Jayanti /dʒɑːˈjʌnti/ – (used as part of a celebration title)

  Sankranti /sʌnˈkrɑːnti/ – (festival name)

  Martyrs /ˈmɑːtəz/ – people who died for their beliefs

  Sonam /ˈsəʊnəm/ – (festival name)

  Losar /ˈləʊsɑː/ – (festival name)

  Prajatantra /ˌprɑːdʒəˈtʌntrə/ – (related to democracy celebration)

  Diwas /ˈdiːwəs/ – day (in South Asian languages)

  Democracy /dɪˈmɒkrəsi/ – a system of government by the people

  Maha /ˈmɑːhə/ – great (in religious festival names)

  Shivaratri /ʃɪvɑːˈrɑːtri/ – (Hindu festival name)

  Gyalpo /ɡjælˈpəʊ/ – (festival name)

  Sherpa /ˈʃɜːpə/ – ethnic group from the Himalayas

  International /ˌɪntəˈnæʃənl/ – between or involving different countries

  Women's /ˈwɪmɪnz/ – relating to women

  regions /ˈriːdʒənz/ – specific areas or locations

  Terai /ˈtɛraɪ/ – lowland region in Nepal

  Jatra /ˈdʒɑːtrə/ – festival procession

  Valley /ˈvæli/ – low area between hills

  Ramjan /ˈræmdʒæn/ – another term for Ramadan

  Edul Fikra /ˈeɪdʊl ˈfɪkrə/ – Eid al-Fitr, Islamic festival

  Eid /iːd/ – Muslim festival

  Navami /ˈnɑːvəmi/ – ninth day of the lunar calendar (festival name)

  Ram /ræm/ – Hindu god

  Navami /ˈnɑːvəmi/ – Hindu celebration

  Nepali /nɛˈpɑːli/ – relating to Nepal or its people/language

  Loktantra /ˌlɒkˈtʌntrə/ – democracy

  Labour /ˈleɪbə/ – work, especially physical work

  Buddha /ˈbʊdə/ – founder of Buddhism

  Jayanti /ˈdʒɑːjənti/ – celebration of a birth anniversary

  Ganatantra /ˌɡɑːnəˈtʌntrə/ – republic

  Republic /rɪˈpʌblɪk/ – government where people elect leaders

  Edul Aajha /ˈeɪdʊl ˈɑːdʒhɑː/ – Eid al-Adha, Islamic festival

  Raksha /ˈrʌkʃə/ – protection (in festival names)

  Bandhan /ˈbʌndən/ – bond or tie (in festivals)

  Gaura /ˈɡaʊrə/ – (festival name)

  Parba /ˈpɑːbə/ – festival or occasion

  Janmashtami /ˌdʒʌnməˈʃtɑːmi/ – celebration of Krishna’s birth

  Krishna /ˈkrɪʃnə/ – a Hindu god

  Haritalika /ˌhɑːrɪˈtɑːlɪkə/ – (festival name)

  Teej /tiːdʒ/ – Hindu women's festival

  Panchami /ˈpʌntʃəmi/ – fifth day of the lunar calendar (festival)

  Indra /ˈɪndrɑː/ – Hindu rain god

  Constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ – system of laws for a country

  Ghatasthapana /ˌɡʌtʌstʌˈpɑːnə/ – first day of Dashain

  Dashain /ˈdɑːʃaɪn/ – major Hindu festival in Nepal

  Phulpati /ˈfʊlˌpʌti/ – seventh day of Dashain

  Maha /ˈmɑːhə/ – great (used in festival names)

  Ashtami /ˈʌʃtəmi/ – eighth day of the festival

  Navami /ˈnɑːvəmi/ – ninth day

  Vijaya /ˈvɪdʒəjə/ – victory

  Dashami /ˈdʌʃəmi/ – tenth day of the festival

  Ekadashi /ˌeɪkəˈdʌʃi/ – eleventh day of the festival

  Dwadashi /ˌdwɑːˈdʌʃi/ – twelfth day

  Kojagrat /ˈkəʊdʒəɡrət/ – awake night festival

  Purnima /ˈpʊrnɪmə/ – full moon day

  Laxmi /ˈlʌkʃmi/ – Hindu goddess of wealth

  Puja /ˈpuːdʒə/ – religious ritual

  Govardhan /ˈɡəʊvərdʌn/ – hill sacred to Krishna

  Bhai /ˈbhaɪ/ – brother

  Tika /ˈtiːkə/ – red mark on the forehead

  Chhath /tʃʌtʰ/ – Hindu sun-worship festival

  Guru /ˈɡʊruː/ – spiritual teacher

  Nanak /ˈnɑːnək/ – founder of Sikhism

  Jayanti /ˈdʒɑːjənti/ – birthday celebration

  Udhauli /ʊˈdhaʊli/ – Kirat harvest festival

  Parva /ˈpɑːvə/ – occasion or festival

  Christmas /ˈkrɪs·məs/ – Christian holiday for Jesus’ birth

  Tamu /ˈtɑːmuː/ – Gurung ethnic group

  Lhosar /ˈləʊsɑːr/ – new year festival

  tapestry /ˈtæpəstri/ – mix of different things or cultures

  designated /ˈdezɪɡneɪtɪd/ – officially chosen or marked

  nationwide /ˌneɪʃənˈwaɪd/ – all over the country

  excluding /ɪkˈskluːdɪŋ/ – not including

  annually /ˈænjuəli/ – every year

  observance /əbˈzɜːvəns/ – practice or ceremony

  celebrated /ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/ – observed with joy or honor

  cultural /ˈkʌltʃərəl/ – related to traditions or society

  ethnic /ˈeθnɪk/ – relating to a cultural group

  festival /ˈfestɪvl/ – special celebration

  traditional /trəˈdɪʃənl/ – based on long-standing customs

  holiday /ˈhɒlədeɪ/ – a day with no work or school

  government /ˈɡʌvənmənt/ – group in charge of the country

  schedule /ˈʃedjuːl/ – a planned list of events

  issued /ˈɪʃuːd/ – officially given or announced

  celebration /ˌseləˈbreɪʃn/ – event held to mark something special

  New Year /ˈnjuː jɪə/ – the beginning of the year

  recognized /ˈrekəɡnaɪzd/ – accepted or approved

  significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ – important or meaningful

  marks /mɑːks/ – shows or represents

  calendar /ˈkælɪndə/ – system of organizing days and months

  public /ˈpʌblɪk/ – relating to everyone in society

  occasion /əˈkeɪʒn/ – special event

  sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ – holy or special in religion

  diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ – having many different types

  reverence /ˈrevərəns/ – deep respect

  ethnicities /eθˈnɪsətiz/ – different cultural or racial groups

  embody /ɪmˈbɒdi/ – to represent or show something clearly

  cherished /ˈtʃerɪʃt/ – loved and valued deeply

  legacy /ˈleɡəsi/ – something passed from the past

  commemorate /kəˈmeməreɪt/ – to honor the memory of someone or something

  harmony /ˈhɑːməni/ – peaceful and friendly living together

  solidarity /ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti/ – support or unity with others

  cornerstone /ˈkɔːnəstəʊn/ – important base or foundation

  pillars /ˈpɪləz/ – strong supports, often used figuratively

  justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/ – fairness or lawfulness

  prosperity /prɒˈsperəti/ – state of being successful or wealthy

  empowerment /ɪmˈpaʊəmənt/ – giving power or control to someone

  resilience /rɪˈzɪliəns/ – ability to recover or stay strong

  evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/ – gradual development or change

  aspirations /ˌæspəˈreɪʃnz/ – strong hopes or goals

  global /ˈɡləʊbl/ – relating to the whole world

  interconnected /ˌɪntəkəˈnektɪd/ – linked or related to each other

  significance /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ – importance or meaning

  heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ – cultural traditions from the past

  spiritual /ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl/ – connected to religion or the soul

  enlightenment /ɪnˈlaɪtnmənt/ – gaining knowledge or spiritual understanding

  prosperity /prɒˈsperəti/ – wealth or success

  lunar /ˈluːnə/ – related to the moon

  cycle /ˈsaɪkl/ – a repeated series of events

  rituals /ˈrɪtʃuəlz/ – formal religious or traditional actions

  blessings /ˈblesɪŋz/ – good things given by God or elders

  devotion /dɪˈvəʊʃn/ – deep love or loyalty, especially in religion

  purification /ˌpjʊərɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ – cleaning, often spiritually

  sacredness /ˈseɪkrɪdnəs/ – being holy or very special

  transition /trænˈzɪʃn/ – change from one state to another

  seasonal /ˈsiːznl/ – related to a particular time of year

  gratitude /ˈɡrætɪtjuːd/ – thankfulness

  celestial /səˈlestʃl/ – related to the sky or heaven

  folklore /ˈfəʊklɔː/ – traditional stories and customs

  mythological /ˌmɪθəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ – related to ancient stories of gods and heroes

  ancestral /ænˈsestrəl/ – related to family from long ago

  reincarnation /ˌriːɪnkɑːˈneɪʃn/ – belief in rebirth after death

  benevolence /bəˈnevələns/ – kindness or goodwill

  preservation /ˌprezəˈveɪʃn/ – keeping something safe or in good condition

  safeguarding /ˈseɪfɡɑːdɪŋ/ – protecting from harm

  narratives /ˈnærətɪvz/ – stories or descriptions

  folklore /ˈfəʊklɔː/ – old stories and traditions

  oral /ˈɔːrəl/ – spoken rather than written

  transmitted /trænzˈmɪtɪd/ – passed along or shared

  recited /rɪˈsaɪtɪd/ – spoken aloud from memory

  communal /ˈkɒmjʊnəl/ – shared by a group

  inheritance /ɪnˈherɪtəns/ – what is received from the past

  generational /ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃənl/ – related to different age groups in families

  chronicles /ˈkrɒnɪklz/ – written records of events

  conservation /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ – protection of nature or culture

  contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/ – modern or current

  interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃn/ – the way something is understood

  coexistence /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪstəns/ – living together peacefully

  cohesion /kəʊˈhiːʒn/ – unity or sticking together

  multicultural /ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃərəl/ – involving many cultures

  dissemination /dɪˌsemɪˈneɪʃn/ – spreading of ideas or knowledge

  pedagogical /ˌpedəˈɡɒdʒɪkl/ – related to teaching

  institutions /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃnz/ – organizations like schools or governments

  curriculum /kəˈrɪkjələm/ – school subjects and lessons

  integration /ˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/ – joining or combining into a whole

  experiential /ɪkˌspɪə.riˈenʃl/ – learning by doing or experience

  participation /pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ – joining in activities

  empathy /ˈempəθi/ – understanding others' feelings

  dialogue /ˈdaɪəlɒɡ/ – conversation between people

  tolerance /ˈtɒlərəns/ – accepting different beliefs or behaviors

  inclusive /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/ – open to everyone

  initiatives /ɪˈnɪʃətɪvz/ – new plans or actions

  marginalized /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪzd/ – kept out or treated as unimportant

  representation /ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn/ – showing or including someone or something

  unity /ˈjuːnəti/ – being joined or together

  sovereignty /ˈsɒvrənti/ – full control by a country or group

  self-determination /ˌself.dɪˌtɜː.mɪˈneɪ.ʃn/ – deciding one's own future

  stewardship /ˈstjuːədʃɪp/ – careful responsibility or management

  accountability /əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ – responsibility for actions

  transparency /trænsˈpærənsi/ – openness and honesty

  governance /ˈɡʌvənəns/ – the way something is managed or ruled

  transformation /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ – big change or improvement

  aspirations /ˌæspəˈreɪʃnz/ – strong desires to achieve something

  stewardship /ˈstjuːədʃɪp/ – careful management and care

  sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ – able to continue without harm

  collective /kəˈlektɪv/ – done together as a group

  endeavors /ɪnˈdevəz/ – efforts or attempts

  legacy /ˈleɡəsi/ – something handed down from the past

  embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/ – to accept gladly

  diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ – variety or difference

  foster /ˈfɒstə/ – to help something grow

  pluralism /ˈplʊərəlɪzəm/ – belief in many different ideas coexisting

  solidarity /ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti/ – support or agreement between people

  coexist /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst/ – to live together peacefully

  inclusivity /ˌɪnkluːˈsɪvəti/ – including everyone

  reconciliation /ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn/ – making peace after disagreement

  interdependence /ˌɪntədɪˈpendəns/ – needing and helping each other

  mutual /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ – shared by both sides

  aspirations /ˌæspəˈreɪʃnz/ – strong hopes or dreams

  holistic /həʊˈlɪstɪk/ – considering the whole, not just parts

  framework /ˈfreɪmwɜːk/ – basic structure

  participatory /pɑːˈtɪsɪpətəri/ – involving everyone

  inclusive /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/ – allowing everyone to take part

  visionary /ˈvɪʒənəri/ – having creative and far-seeing ideas

Unit 12  

  affectionately /əˈfekʃənətli/ — in a loving or caring way

  genteel /dʒenˈtiːl/ — polite and refined

  birder /ˈbɜːrdər/ — someone who watches birds

  ornithologist /ˌɔːrnɪˈθɑːlədʒɪst/ — a scientist who studies birds

  coincidence /koʊˈɪnsɪdəns/ — a surprising event happening by chance

  dropout /ˈdrɑːpaʊt/ — someone who leaves school before finishing

  wilderness /ˈwɪldərnəs/ — a natural, wild area without many people

  exploring /ɪkˈsplɔːrɪŋ/ — going somewhere to find out more about it

  camping /ˈkæmpɪŋ/ — staying outdoors in tents for fun

  faculty /ˈfækəlti/ — a teacher in a school or college

  ecology /iˈkɑːlədʒi/ — the study of living things and their environment

  identification /aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ — knowing what something is

  taxidermy /ˈtæksɪˌdɜːrmi/ — preparing and stuffing dead animals for display

  trekked /trɛkt/ — walked a long distance

  hailstorm /ˈheɪlstɔːrm/ — a storm with falling ice balls

  debris /dəˈbriː/ — broken pieces left after something is destroyed

  boulders /ˈboʊldərz/ — large round rocks

  landslides /ˈlændslaɪdz/ — when rocks and earth fall down a hill

  floods /flʌdz/ — large amounts of water covering land

  drongo /ˈdrɑːŋɡoʊ/ — a kind of bird

  vulture /ˈvʌltʃər/ — a large bird that eats dead animals

  creeper /ˈkriːpər/ — a small climbing bird or plant

  fluttered /ˈflʌtərd/ — moved wings quickly

  mentoring /ˈmentɔːrɪŋ/ — guiding and teaching someone

  turning point /ˈtɜːrnɪŋ pɔɪnt/ — important change in life

  eagerly /ˈiːɡərli/ — with strong interest or excitement

  commission /kəˈmɪʃən/ — a group chosen to do a job

  conservation /ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃən/ — saving nature and wildlife

  founded /ˈfaʊndɪd/ — started or created

  professional /prəˈfeʃənl/ — relating to a job needing skill

  organisation /ˌɔːrɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ — a group formed for a purpose

  nurturing /ˈnɜːrtʃərɪŋ/ — caring for and encouraging growth

  documentation /ˌdɑːkjəmenˈteɪʃən/ — keeping records

  photography /fəˈtɑːɡrəfi/ — taking pictures

  research /rɪˈsɜːrtʃ/ — studying something to learn more

  conservation /ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃən/ — protecting nature

  satellite /ˈsætəlaɪt/ — object sent into space

  tracking /ˈtrækɪŋ/ — following movement

  migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ — moving from one place to another

  digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/ — using computer technology

  recording /rɪˈkɔːrdɪŋ/ — saving information

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ — a type of plant or animal

  cooperative /koʊˈɑːpərətɪv/ — helpful and willing to work together

  wealth /welθ/ — a large amount of something valuable

  naturalists /ˈnætʃrəlɪsts/ — people who study nature

  biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti/ — variety of living things

  profiles /ˈproʊfaɪlz/ — short descriptions

  department /dɪˈpɑːrtmənt/ — a part of a government or company

  council /ˈkaʊnsl/ — a group that makes decisions

  chaired /ʧɛrd/ — led or guided a meeting

  president /ˈprezɪdənt/ — the leader of a country

  highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ — best or most exciting part

  sanctuary /ˈsæŋktʃueri/ — a safe place for animals

  enhanced /ɪnˈhænstd/ — improved or made better

  wetland /ˈwetˌlænd/ — area of land covered with water

  nesting /ˈnɛstɪŋ/ — making a home to lay eggs

  supported /səˈpɔːrtɪd/ — helped

  foundation /faʊnˈdeɪʃən/ — an organisation or base of something

  partnership /ˈpɑːrtnərʃɪp/ — working together with others

  survey /ˈsɜːrveɪ/ — study or research

  diversity /daɪˈvɜːrsəti/ — many different kinds

  established /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ — set up

  outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ — result

  described /dɪˈskraɪbd/ — told or explained about

  preserved /prɪˈzɜːrvd/ — kept safe or protected

  pass /pæs/ — succeed in a test

  approving /əˈpruːvɪŋ/ — showing agreement

  nibble /ˈnɪbəl/ — eat in small bites

  chew /ʧuː/ — bite and grind with teeth

  gobbled /ˈɡɑːbəld/ — ate quickly

  gusto /ˈɡʌstoʊ/ — great enjoyment

  wolfed /wʊlft/ — ate greedily

  burp /bɜːrp/ — a sound made after eating

  genre /ˈʒɑːnrə/ — type or category

  anthropology /ˌænθrəˈpɑːlədʒi/ — study of people

  dendrology /denˈdrɑːlədʒi/ — study of trees

  felinology /ˌfiːlaɪˈnɒlədʒi/ — study of cats

  hematology /ˌhiːməˈtɑːlədʒi/ — study of blood

  oology /oʊˈɑːlədʒi/ — study of bird eggs

  pomology /pəˈmɑːlədʒi/ — study of fruits

  sitiology /ˌsɪtiˈɒlədʒi/ — study of food and diet

  virology /vɪˈrɑːlədʒi/ — study of viruses

  seismology /saɪzˈmɑːlədʒi/ — study of earthquakes

  pathology /pəˈθɑːlədʒi/ — study of disease

  hippology /hɪˈpɒlədʒi/ — study of horses

86. inspire /ɪnˈspaɪər/ — to fill someone with the urge to do something

87. admire /ədˈmaɪər/ — to respect and like someone or something

88. dedication /ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃən/ — strong commitment to a task

89. integrity /ɪnˈteɡrəti/ — honesty and strong moral principles

90. lifelong /ˈlaɪflɔːŋ/ — lasting for a whole life

91. mission /ˈmɪʃən/ — an important goal or duty

92. thrive /θraɪv/ — to grow or develop successfully

93. passion /ˈpæʃən/ — strong feeling or interest

94. devotion /dɪˈvoʊʃən/ — deep love or loyalty

95. encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntər/ — an unexpected meeting

96. observe /əbˈzɜːrv/ — to watch carefully

97. camouflage /ˈkæməflɑːʒ/ — colors that help blend in

98. ecosystem /ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm/ — community of living things

99. endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/ — at risk of disappearing

100. extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ — no longer existing

101. fragile /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ — easily broken or harmed

102. pristine /ˈprɪstiːn/ — pure and unspoiled

103. habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ — natural home of animals or plants

104. poaching /ˈpoʊʧɪŋ/ — illegal hunting

105. sanctuary /ˈsæŋktʃueri/ — a protected place

106. environmentalist /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪst/ — person protecting nature

107. rehabilitate /ˌriːəˈbɪlɪteɪt/ — to restore to good condition

108. sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ — able to continue without harm

109. awareness /əˈwernəs/ — knowing about something

110. coexist /ˌkoʊɪɡˈzɪst/ — to live together peacefully

111. deforestation /diːˌfɔːrəˈsteɪʃən/ — cutting down trees

112. conservationist /ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃənɪst/ — person who protects the environment

113. eco-friendly /ˈiːkoʊ ˌfrɛndli/ — not harmful to nature

114. awareness /əˈwɛrnəs/ — knowledge or understanding of something

115. habitat loss /ˈhæbɪtæt lɔs/ — when animals lose their homes

116. preservation /ˌprezərˈveɪʃən/ — keeping something safe

117. phenomenon /fəˈnɑːmɪnən/ — something that happens or exists

118. resilience /rɪˈzɪliəns/ — ability to recover quickly

119. extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ — the dying out of a species

120. advocate /ˈædvəkeɪt/ — a person who supports a cause

121. biodiversity hotspot /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti ˈhɑːtspɑːt/ — place with many unique species

122. stewardship /ˈstuːərdʃɪp/ — responsible care for something

123. habitat fragmentation /ˈfræɡmənˌteɪʃən/ — breaking up animal homes

124. migratory /ˈmaɪɡrəˌtɔːri/ — moving from place to place

125. conservation status /ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃən ˈsteɪtəs/ — level of protection a species has

126. endemic /ɛnˈdemɪk/ — found only in one place

127. awareness campaign /əˈwɛrnəs kæmˈpeɪn/ — effort to teach people

128. documentary /ˌdɑːkjuˈmentəri/ — a factual film or video

129. fieldwork /ˈfiːldwɜːrk/ — work done outside, in nature

130. endangered list /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd lɪst/ — official record of at-risk species

131. breeding ground /ˈbriːdɪŋ ɡraʊnd/ — place where animals reproduce

132. urbanisation /ˌɜːrbənaɪˈzeɪʃən/ — growth of cities

133. adaptation /ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/ — change to fit new conditions

134. environmental impact /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəl ˈɪmpækt/ — effect on nature

135. migratory patterns /ˈmaɪɡrəˌtɔːri ˈpætərnz/ — bird travel routes

136. wetland restoration /ˈwetˌlænd ˌrestəˈreɪʃən/ — repairing water-rich land

137. habitat corridor /ˈhæbɪtæt ˈkɔːrɪdɔːr/ — safe path for animals

138. raptor /ˈræptər/ — bird of prey

139. perching birds /ˈpɜːrtʃɪŋ bɜːrdz/ — birds that sit on branches

140. plumage /ˈpluːmɪdʒ/ — bird feathers

141. fledgling /ˈflɛdʒlɪŋ/ — a young bird

142. roost /ruːst/ — place where birds sleep

143. talon /ˈtælən/ — claw of a bird

144. keen eyesight /kiːn ˈaɪsaɪt/ — very sharp vision

145. binoculars /bɪˈnɑːkjələrz/ — tool to see far away

146. field guide /fiːld ɡaɪd/ — book with bird info

147. endangered vulture /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd ˈvʌltʃər/ — rare bird that eats dead animals

148. logging /ˈlɔːɡɪŋ/ — cutting down trees

149. biodiversity loss /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜːrsəti lɔːs/ — fewer kinds of animals/plants

150. nesting site /ˈnɛstɪŋ saɪt/ — bird’s egg-laying place

151. eco-tourism /ˈiːkoʊ ˈtʊrɪzəm/ — travel that helps the environment

152. exotic species /ɪɡˈzɑːtɪk ˈspiːʃiːz/ — animals/plants from other places

153. vertebrates /ˈvɜːrtəˌbreɪts/ — animals with backbones

154. avian /ˈeɪviən/ — relating to birds

155. conservation biology /ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃən baɪˈɑːlədʒi/ — study to protect nature

156. symbiosis /ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsɪs/ — living closely together

157. scavenger /ˈskævɪndʒər/ — animal that eats leftovers

158. echolocation /ˌekoʊloʊˈkeɪʃən/ — finding things using sound

159. climate change /ˈklaɪmət ʧeɪndʒ/ — changes in the Earth’s weather

160. ecosystem services /ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm ˈsɜːrvɪsɪz/ — benefits nature gives us

161. pollution /pəˈluːʃən/ — dirtying air, water, or land

162. greenhouse effect /ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɪˌfɛkt/ — warming of the Earth

163. carbon footprint /ˈkɑːrbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ — amount of CO₂ we create

164. pesticide /ˈpestɪsaɪd/ — chemical that kills bugs

165. ecological balance /ˌekəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl ˈbæləns/ — natural order in nature

166. invasive species /ɪnˈveɪsɪv ˈspiːʃiːz/ — plants/animals harming local ones

167. climate adaptation /ˈklaɪmət ˌædæpˈteɪʃən/ — adjusting to new weather

168. ecosystem management /ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ — taking care of nature areas

169. forest degradation /ˈfɔːrɪst ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/ — forest damage

170. overgrazing /ˌoʊvərˈɡreɪzɪŋ/ — too many animals eating plants

171. soil erosion /ˈsɔɪl ɪˈroʊʒən/ — loss of topsoil

172. pollinator /ˈpɑːləˌneɪtər/ — animal that helps plants reproduce

173. keystone species /ˈkiːstoʊn ˈspiːʃiːz/ — species that shapes an ecosystem

174. riparian zone /raɪˈpɛəriən zoʊn/ — land near rivers

175. food chain /fuːd ʧeɪn/ — who eats whom in nature

176. apex predator /ˈeɪpɛks ˈprɛdətər/ — top hunter in the food chain

177. niche /niːʃ/ — special role in an ecosystem

178. succession /səkˈseʃən/ — natural change in ecosystems

179. decomposer /ˌdiːkəmˈpoʊzər/ — organism that breaks down dead matter

180. bioindicator /ˌbaɪoʊˈɪndɪkeɪtər/ — species that shows environment health

181. genetic diversity /dʒəˈnɛtɪk daɪˈvɜːrsəti/ — variety in genes

182. climate resilience /ˈklaɪmət rɪˈzɪliəns/ — ability to recover from climate stress

183. trophic level /ˈtroʊfɪk ˈlɛvəl/ — level in food chain

184. defaunation /diːˌfɔːˈneɪʃən/ — loss of animal life

185. afforestation /əˌfɔːrəˈsteɪʃən/ — planting trees

186. reforestation /ˌriːfɔːrəˈsteɪʃən/ — regrowing forests

187. ecotone /ˈiːkoʊˌtoʊn/ — area between two ecosystems

188. environmental degradation /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəl ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/ — harm to the environment

189. runoff /ˈrʌnˌɔːf/ — water that flows off land

190. biomimicry /ˌbaɪoʊˈmɪmɪkri/ — copying nature’s designs

191. regenerative /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv/ — able to grow again

192. permaculture /ˈpɜːrməkʌltʃər/ — farming with nature

193. watershed /ˈwɔːtərʃɛd/ — area that drains into a river

194. emissions /ɪˈmɪʃənz/ — gases sent into the air

195. carbon sink /ˈkɑːrbən sɪŋk/ — places that store carbon (like forests)

196. anthropogenic /ˌænθrəpoʊˈdʒenɪk/ — caused by humans

197. bioaccumulation /ˌbaɪoʊəˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃən/ — buildup of substances in animals

198. habitat restoration /ˈhæbɪtæt ˌrestəˈreɪʃən/ — fixing damaged natural homes

199. environmental footprint /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəl ˈfʊtprɪnt/ — impact we have on nature

200. translocation /ˌtrænzloʊˈkeɪʃən/ — moving animals to new habitats

Unit 13  

  survey /ˈsɜː.veɪ/ – a study to collect information about something

  prey /preɪ/ – animals hunted by other animals for food

  assessment /əˈses.mənt/ – the act of evaluating or judging something

  estimated /ˈes.tɪ.meɪ.tɪd/ – guessed the amount or number

  historical /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/ – related to history

  remarks /rɪˈmɑːks/ – comments or statements

  apex /ˈeɪ.peks/ – the top or highest part

  predators /ˈpred.ə.təz/ – animals that hunt other animals

  ecosystems /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təmz/ – communities of living things and their environment

  undoubtedly /ʌnˈdaʊ.tɪd.li/ – certainly; without doubt

  conservation /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/ – protection of nature

  roam /rəʊm/ – to move around freely

  landscapes /ˈlænd.skeɪps/ – large areas of land

  drastically /ˈdræs.tɪ.kəl.i/ – in a severe or extreme way

  habitat /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/ – the natural home of an animal or plant

  poaching /ˈpəʊ.tʃɪŋ/ – illegal hunting

  pledged /pledʒd/ – promised

  endorsing /ɪnˈdɔː.sɪŋ/ – supporting or approving

  declaration /ˌdek.ləˈreɪ.ʃən/ – an official statement

  initiatives /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪvz/ – new plans or actions

  secured /sɪˈkjʊəd/ – made safe or protected

  establishment /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ.mənt/ – the act of starting something

  extension /ɪkˈsten.ʃən/ – making something larger

  institutions /ˌɪn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃənz/ – organizations

  grassroots /ˌɡrɑːsˈruːts/ – ordinary people in a community

  dedicated /ˈded.ɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ – committed to a purpose

  enforcement /ɪnˈfɔːs.mənt/ – making sure laws are followed

  measures /ˈmeʒ.əz/ – actions taken to achieve something

  community-based /kəˈmjuː.nə.ti beɪst/ – involving local people

  anti-poaching /ˌæn.tiˈpəʊ.tʃɪŋ/ – against illegal hunting

  partnerships /ˈpɑːt.nə.ʃɪps/ – working together

  vital /ˈvaɪ.təl/ – very important

  stakeholders /ˈsteɪkˌhəʊl.dəz/ – people involved or interested

  illegal /ɪˈliː.ɡəl/ – not allowed by law

  trade /treɪd/ – buying and selling

  impacts /ˈɪm.pækts/ – effects

  threaten /ˈθret.ən/ – to cause danger

  survival /səˈvaɪ.vəl/ – staying alive

  sustainably /səˈsteɪ.nə.bli/ – in a way that can continue over time

  managing /ˈmæn.ɪ.dʒɪŋ/ – controlling or handling

  require /rɪˈkwaɪə/ – need

  efforts /ˈef.əts/ – attempts or tries

  prioritized /praɪˈɒr.ɪ.taɪzd/ – made more important

  conflicts /ˈkɒn.flɪkts/ – disagreements or fights

  engaging /ɪnˈɡeɪ.dʒɪŋ/ – involving

  coexistence /ˌkəʊ.ɪɡˈzɪs.təns/ – living together peacefully

  science /saɪəns/ – study of the natural world

  policy /ˈpɒl.ə.si/ – a plan or rule

  construction /kənˈstrʌk.ʃən/ – building something

  development /dɪˈvel.əp.mənt/ – growth or progress

  wildlife-friendly /ˈwaɪld.laɪf ˈfrend.li/ – safe for animals

  corridors /ˈkɒr.ɪ.dɔːz/ – passages connecting areas

  landscape /ˈlænd.skeɪp/ – a large area of land

  dispersal /dɪˈspɜː.səl/ – spreading out

  package /ˈpæk.ɪdʒ/ – a wrapped item

  horrified /ˈhɒr.ɪ.faɪd/ – very shocked

  mousetrap /ˈmaʊs.træp/ – a device to catch mice

  inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/ – to tell

  pray /preɪ/ – to speak to a god

  calm /kɑːm/ – peaceful

  fainted /feɪntɪd/ – lost consciousness

  temperature /ˈtem.prə.tʃər/ – how hot or cold something is

  ingredient /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/ – part of a recipe

  delicious /dɪˈlɪʃ.əs/ – very tasty

  celebrate /ˈsel.ə.breɪt/ – to have a party

  well-wishers /ˈwelˌwɪʃ.əz/ – people who hope for the best for someone

  situation /ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/ – a set of circumstances

  diagram /ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡræm/ – a drawing showing information

  population /ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ – number of people or animals

  growth /ɡrəʊθ/ – increase

  quantifiers /ˈkwɒn.tɪ.faɪ.əz/ – words that show quantity

  countable /ˈkaʊn.tə.bəl/ – things you can count

  uncountable /ʌnˈkaʊn.tə.bəl/ – things you can't count

  several /ˈsev.ər.əl/ – more than two but not many

  either /ˈaɪ.ðər/ – one or the other

  neither /ˈnaɪ.ðər/ – not one or the other

  fewer /ˈfjuː.ər/ – less in number

  less /les/ – smaller amount

  enough /ɪˈnʌf/ – sufficient

  some /sʌm/ – an unspecified amount

  any /ˈen.i/ – one or more

  most /məʊst/ – nearly all

  lot /lɒt/ – a large number

  a bit of /ə bɪt əv/ – a small amount

  a little /ə ˈlɪt.l̩/ – a small quantity

  grammar /ˈɡræm.ər/ – rules of a language

  tense /tens/ – time of action in grammar

  present simple /ˈprez.ənt ˈsɪm.pəl/ – current regular actions

  past simple /pɑːst ˈsɪm.pəl/ – actions that happened before

  present continuous /ˈprez.ənt kənˈtɪn.ju.əs/ – actions happening now

  past continuous /pɑːst kənˈtɪn.ju.əs/ – actions that were happening

  present perfect /ˈprez.ənt ˈpɜː.fekt/ – actions that happened at an unspecified time

  past perfect /pɑːst ˈpɜː.fekt/ – actions completed before another past action

  will /wɪl/ – used to show future actions

  shall /ʃæl/ – used for future (formal or offers)

  would /wʊd/ – used for polite requests or imagined actions

  should /ʃʊd/ – used to give advice

  might /maɪt/ – used to show possibility

  must /mʌst/ – used to show necessity or strong advice

  ought to /ˈɔːt tuː/ – similar to should

  modal verbs /ˈməʊ.dəl vɜːbz/ – helping verbs that express possibility or necessity

  passive voice /ˈpæs.ɪv vɔɪs/ – when the action is more important than the doer

  causative verbs /ˈkɔː.zə.tɪv vɜːbz/ – verbs that show someone causes something to happen

  get something done /ɡet ˈsʌm.θɪŋ dʌn/ – to arrange for something to be done

  have something done /hæv ˈsʌm.θɪŋ dʌn/ – another way to say someone does something for you

  investigation /ɪnˌves.tɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ – careful study to find out something

  glossary /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/ – a list of words and their meanings

  interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/ – to explain the meaning of

  data /ˈdeɪ.tə/ – facts and numbers collected for study

  bar graph /ˈbɑː ɡrɑːf/ – a graph using bars to show numbers

  pie chart /ˈpaɪ tʃɑːt/ – a circle chart showing parts of a whole

  line graph /laɪn ɡrɑːf/ – a graph that shows change over time

  opinion /əˈpɪn.jən/ – what someone thinks or feels

  facts /fækts/ – things that are true and can be proved

  evidence /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ – information that shows something is true

  description /dɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/ – explaining what something looks or feels like

  sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/ – the order of events

  cause /kɔːz/ – why something happens

  effect /ɪˈfekt/ – what happens as a result

  persuade /pəˈsweɪd/ – to make someone do or believe something

  argue /ˈɑːɡ.juː/ – to give reasons for or against something

  narrate /nəˈreɪt/ – to tell a story

  write-up /ˈraɪt.ʌp/ – a full written report

  report /rɪˈpɔːt/ – a document that gives information

  organize /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪz/ – to arrange or set up

  main idea /meɪn aɪˈdɪə/ – the most important point

  supporting details /səˈpɔː.tɪŋ ˈdiː.teɪlz/ – facts that explain the main idea

  topic sentence /ˈtɒp.ɪk ˈsen.təns/ – the first sentence that tells the main idea

  conclusion /kənˈkluː.ʒən/ – the ending or final thought

  transition words /trænˈzɪʃ.ən wɜːdz/ – words like “first,” “next,” “finally”

  edit /ˈed.ɪt/ – to check and correct writing

  revise /rɪˈvaɪz/ – to improve and change writing

  draft /drɑːft/ – the first version of writing

  publish /ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/ – to make something public

  brainstorm /ˈbreɪn.stɔːm/ – to think of many ideas

  outline /ˈaʊt.laɪn/ – a plan for writing

  collaborate /kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt/ – to work together

  present /ˈprez.ənt/ – to show or give something

  feedback /ˈfiːd.bæk/ – helpful advice or opinion

  reflection /rɪˈflek.ʃən/ – thinking deeply about something

  rubric /ˈruː.brɪk/ – a guide for scoring or grading

  criteria /kraɪˈtɪə.ri.ə/ – standards to judge something

  evaluate /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/ – to judge or assess

  peer /pɪə(r)/ – someone your own age

  presentation /ˌprez.ənˈteɪ.ʃən/ – showing and explaining your work

  script /skrɪpt/ – the written words for a play or show

  drama /ˈdrɑː.mə/ – a play with emotions and actions

  roleplay /ˈrəʊl.pleɪ/ – to act like someone else

  character /ˈkær.ək.tər/ – a person in a story or play

  dialogue /ˈdaɪ.ə.lɒɡ/ – the words spoken by characters

  scene /siːn/ – a part of a play

  stage directions /steɪdʒ daɪˈrek.ʃənz/ – instructions for actors

  rehearse /rɪˈhɜːs/ – to practice a performance

  audience /ˈɔː.di.əns/ – people who watch a show

  costume /ˈkɒs.tjuːm/ – clothes worn in a play

  props /prɒps/ – objects used in a play

  scriptwriter /ˈskrɪpt.raɪ.tər/ – a person who writes the play

  stage /steɪdʒ/ – where a performance happens

  performance /pəˈfɔː.məns/ – the act of presenting a play

  climax /ˈklaɪ.mæks/ – the most exciting part of a story

  resolution /ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃən/ – the end of the story

  conflict /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/ – a problem or struggle in a story

  plot /plɒt/ – the main story events

  setting /ˈset.ɪŋ/ – where and when the story happens

  theme /θiːm/ – the main message of the story

  fiction /ˈfɪk.ʃən/ – made-up stories

  non-fiction /ˌnɒnˈfɪk.ʃən/ – true information writing

  genre /ˈʒɒn.rə/ – type or style of writing

  narrator /nəˈreɪ.tər/ – the person who tells the story

  point of view /ˌpɔɪnt əv ˈvjuː/ – who is telling the story

  first person /fɜːst ˈpɜː.sən/ – using "I" to tell a story

  third person /θɜːd ˈpɜː.sən/ – using "he/she/they" to tell a story

  chronological /ˌkrɒn.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ – in time order

  flashback /ˈflæʃ.bæk/ – a look back at past events

  foreshadowing /ˌfɔːˈʃæd.əʊ.ɪŋ/ – hints about what will happen

  figurative language /ˈfɪɡ.jə.rə.tɪv ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪdʒ/ – words that mean more than their normal meaning

  simile /ˈsɪm.ɪ.li/ – a comparison using “like” or “as”

  metaphor /ˈmet.ə.fɔːr/ – saying something is something else

  personification /pəˌsɒn.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – giving human traits to things

  hyperbole /haɪˈpɜː.bə.li/ – an extreme exaggeration

  idiom /ˈɪd.i.əm/ – a phrase with a special meaning

  alliteration /əˌlɪt.ərˈeɪ.ʃən/ – words starting with the same sound

  onomatopoeia /ˌɒn.ə.mæt.əˈpiː.ə/ – words that sound like their meaning

  rhythm /ˈrɪð.əm/ – a pattern of beats in writing

  rhyme /raɪm/ – words that sound the same at the end

  stanza /ˈstæn.zə/ – a group of lines in a poem

  poetry /ˈpəʊ.ɪ.tri/ – writing in verse

  prose /prəʊz/ – normal writing (not poetry)

  line /laɪn/ – a single row of words in a poem

  verse /vɜːs/ – writing in rhythm and sometimes rhyme

  repetition /ˌrep.ɪˈtɪʃ.ən/ – using the same words again

  imagery /ˈɪm.ɪ.dʒər.i/ – words that create pictures in the mind

  symbol /ˈsɪm.bəl/ – something that stands for something else

  tone /təʊn/ – the writer’s feeling

  mood /muːd/ – the feeling a reader gets

  compare /kəmˈpeər/ – find similarities

  contrast /ˈkɒn.trɑːst/ – find differences

  summarize /ˈsʌm.ər.aɪz/ – tell only the main points

  paraphrase /ˈpær.ə.freɪz/ – say something in your own words

Unit 14  

15. worthy /ˈwɜː.ði/ – good enough or deserving.

16. court /kɔːt/ – the king's palace or the people who work there.

17. barber /ˈbɑː.bər/ – a person who cuts hair.

18. watchmen /ˈwɒtʃ.mən/ – guards who watch over a place at night.

19. sum /sʌm/ – an amount of money.

20. suitable /ˈsuː.tə.bəl/ – right or appropriate for a purpose.

21. bride /braɪd/ – a woman who is getting married.

22. shouted /ˈʃaʊ.tɪd/ – spoke very loudly.

23. exciting /ɪkˈsaɪ.tɪŋ/ – causing great enthusiasm and eagerness.

24. constantly /ˈkɒn.stənt.li/ – happening all the time.

25. reminded /rɪˈmaɪn.dɪd/ – made someone remember something.

26. afraid /əˈfreɪd/ – feeling fear or worry.

27. trouble /ˈtrʌb.əl/ – problems or difficulties.

28. dishonest /dɪsˈɒn.ɪst/ – not telling the truth or cheating.

29. spots /spɒts/ – small marks or dots.

30. reflection /rɪˈflek.ʃən/ – the image seen in a mirror.

31. condition /kənˈdɪʃ.ən/ – something that must be done for something else to happen.

32. cunning /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/ – clever in a tricky way.

33. eligible /ˈel.ɪ.dʒə.bəl/ – allowed to do or have something.

34. gaze /ɡeɪz/ – to look steadily at something.

35. dared /deəd/ – had the courage to do something.

36. convince /kənˈvɪns/ – to make someone believe something.

37. brave /breɪv/ – showing courage.

38. test /test/ – to try something to see how it works.

39. fate /feɪt/ – what happens in the future, often beyond control.

40. maiden /ˈmeɪ.dən/ – a young unmarried woman.

41. trouble /ˈtrʌb.əl/ – problems or difficulties.

42. lonely /ˈləʊn.li/ – feeling alone and sad.

43. shepherd /ˈʃep.əd/ – a person who takes care of sheep.

44. mountainside /ˈmaʊn.tɪn.saɪd/ – the side of a mountain.

45. birth /bɜːθ/ – the time when someone is born.

46. dare /deər/ – to have the courage to do something.

47. court /kɔːt/ – the king's palace or the people who work there.

48. royal /ˈrɔɪ.əl/ – related to a king or queen.

49. hall /hɔːl/ – a large room or building.

50. shy /ʃaɪ/ – nervous or timid around people.

51. appearance /əˈpɪə.rəns/ – the way someone looks.

52. received /rɪˈsiːvd/ – was given or welcomed.

53. kindly /ˈkaɪnd.li/ – in a nice or gentle way.

54. reminded /rɪˈmaɪn.dɪd/ – made someone remember something.

55. surface /ˈsɜː.fɪs/ – the outside or top layer of something.

56. exception /ɪkˈsep.ʃən/ – someone or something that is not included.

57. respect /rɪˈspekt/ – a feeling of admiration or honor.

58. surrounded /səˈraʊn.dɪd/ – to be all around something or someone.

59. stains /steɪnz/ – marks that are hard to remove.

60. snatched /snætʃt/ – grabbed quickly.

61. passing /ˈpɑː.sɪŋ/ – moving something from one person to another.

62. trick /trɪk/ – something done to fool someone.

63. confident /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dənt/ – sure of oneself.

64. queen /kwiːn/ – a female ruler or the wife of a king.

65. merchant /ˈmɜː.tʃənt/ – a person who buys and sells goods.

66. surround /səˈraʊnd/ – to be all around something.

67. pleased /pliːzd/ – happy or satisfied.

68. tackle /ˈtæk.əl/ – to try to deal with a problem.

69. cheated /ˈtʃiː.tɪd/ – acted dishonestly.

70. progress /ˈprəʊ.ɡres/ – movement towards a goal.

71. candidate /ˈkæn.dɪ.dət/ – a person who is being considered for a position.

72. sincere /sɪnˈsɪər/ – honest and genuine.

73. delicious /dɪˈlɪʃ.əs/ – very tasty.

74. frostbitten /ˈfrɒst.bɪt.ən/ – having skin damaged by freezing.

75. decay /dɪˈkeɪ/ – to rot or become bad.

76. punctual /ˈpʌŋk.tʃu.əl/ – always on time.

77. technician /tekˈnɪʃ.ən/ – a person skilled in a specific technical field.

78. grant /ɡrɑːnt/ – money given for a specific purpose.

79. self-reliant /ˌself.rɪˈlaɪ.ənt/ – able to do things without help.

80. headline /ˈhed.laɪn/ – the title of a news story.

81. byline /ˈbaɪ.laɪn/ – the name of the writer of a news article.

82. dateline /ˈdeɪt.laɪn/ – the date when a news article was written.

83. lead /liːd/ – the first paragraph of a news story.

84. elaborate /ɪˈlæb.ər.ət/ – detailed and carefully planned.

85. announcement /əˈnaʊns.mənt/ – an official public statement.

86. palace /ˈpæl.ɪs/ – a large, fancy home for a king or queen.

87. anxious /ˈæŋk.ʃəs/ – worried or nervous.

88. noble /ˈnəʊ.bəl/ – a person of high social rank; honorable.

89. gathered /ˈɡæð.əd/ – came together in one place.

90. attend /əˈtend/ – to be present at an event or place.

91. ceremony /ˈser.ɪ.mə.ni/ – a formal event, like a wedding.

92. prince /prɪns/ – the son of a king or queen.

93. foolish /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/ – not wise; silly.

94. wandered /ˈwɒn.dəd/ – walked without a clear direction.

95. bewildered /bɪˈwɪl.dəd/ – very confused.

96. response /rɪˈspɒns/ – a reply or reaction.

97. gesture /ˈdʒes.tʃər/ – a movement of the body to express an idea or feeling.

98. whispered /ˈwɪs.pəd/ – spoke very quietly.

99. eagerly /ˈiː.ɡə.li/ – with great interest or excitement.

100. presented /prɪˈzen.tɪd/ – gave something formally.

101. triumph /ˈtraɪ.əmf/ – a great victory or success.

102. admired /ədˈmaɪəd/ – looked at with respect or love.

103. treasured /ˈtreʒ.əd/ – valued very highly.

104. innocence /ˈɪn.ə.səns/ – the state of being not guilty or pure.

105. worthy /ˈwɜː.ði/ – deserving respect or praise.

106. declared /dɪˈkleəd/ – said something officially or clearly.

107. rejoice /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/ – to feel or show great happiness.

108. echoed /ˈek.əʊd/ – repeated sound.

109. generation /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ – all the people born around the same time.

110. prosperity /prɒsˈper.ə.ti/ – success and wealth.

111. crown /kraʊn/ – a headpiece worn by royalty; also a symbol of power.

112. judgement /ˈdʒʌdʒ.mənt/ – the ability to make good decisions.

113. contentment /kənˈtent.mənt/ – a feeling of happiness and satisfaction.

114. descendant /dɪˈsen.dənt/ – someone who comes from a particular ancestor.

115. heritage /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/ – things passed down from the past.

116. sceptre /ˈsep.tər/ – a decorated stick carried by a ruler as a sign of power.

117. glory /ˈɡlɔː.ri/ – great honor or fame.

118. dignity /ˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/ – self-respect or seriousness.

119. proclaim /prəˈkleɪm/ – to announce publicly.

120. flourish /ˈflʌr.ɪʃ/ – to grow or do very well.

121. nobleman /ˈnəʊ.bəl.mən/ – a man of high social rank.

122. wisdom /ˈwɪz.dəm/ – the ability to make good decisions based on knowledge and experience.

123. revelation /ˌrev.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ – a surprising or important fact that becomes known.

124. jewel /ˈdʒuː.əl/ – a precious stone, like a diamond or ruby.

125. precious /ˈpreʃ.əs/ – very valuable or important.

126. crystal /ˈkrɪs.təl/ – a clear, hard substance often used to make decorative items.

127. sorcery /ˈsɔː.sər.i/ – magical powers or practices.

128. illusion /ɪˈluː.ʒən/ – something that looks real but isn’t.

129. reality /rɪˈæl.ɪ.ti/ – the state of things as they really are.

130. enchanted /ɪnˈtʃæn.tɪd/ – under the influence of magic.

131. illusionist /ɪˈluː.ʒənɪst/ – a magician who performs tricks.

132. mysterious /mɪˈstɪə.ri.əs/ – something that is strange or hard to explain.

133. transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ – to change in form or appearance.

134. whimsical /ˈwɪm.zɪ.kəl/ – playful and full of unusual ideas.

135. momentous /məˈmen.təs/ – very important or significant.

136. heritage /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/ – the traditions, beliefs, and culture passed down through generations.

137. silence /ˈsaɪ.ləns/ – the absence of sound or noise.

138. miracle /ˈmɪr.ə.kəl/ – a surprising event that cannot be explained by natural laws.

139. radiance /ˈreɪ.dɪəns/ – light or brightness.

140. unveil /ʌnˈveɪl/ – to reveal or show something for the first time.

141. revered /rɪˈvɪəd/ – highly respected or admired.

142. exquisite /ɪkˈskwɪ.zɪt/ – very beautiful or delicate.

143. honor /ˈɒn.ər/ – high respect or admiration.

144. devotion /dɪˈvəʊ.ʃən/ – strong love or loyalty.

145. radiant /ˈreɪ.dɪənt/ – shining brightly; glowing.

146. elevated /ˈɛl.ɪ.veɪ.tɪd/ – raised in position, status, or rank.

147. royalty /ˈrɔɪ.əl.ti/ – the family of a king or queen.

148. adorned /əˈdɔːnd/ – decorated with beautiful things.

149. glimmer /ˈɡlɪm.ər/ – a faint or unsteady light.

150. triumph /ˈtraɪ.əmf/ – a great victory or achievement.

151. mystify /ˈmɪs.tɪ.faɪ/ – to confuse or make something hard to understand.

152. destiny /ˈdes.tɪ.ni/ – the events that will happen to a person in the future.

153. grace /ɡreɪs/ – elegance or beauty of movement.

154. unveil /ʌnˈveɪl/ – to reveal or show something for the first time.

155. ensign /ˈɛn.saɪn/ – a flag or banner that represents a nation or group.

156. predecessor /ˈpriː.dɪˌses.ər/ – a person who held a position before someone else.

157. veneration /ˌven.əˈreɪ.ʃən/ – great respect or reverence.

158. guardian /ˈɡɑː.di.ən/ – someone who protects or defends something.

159. glow /ɡləʊ/ – to shine with light.

160. radiance /ˈreɪ.dɪəns/ – a bright light or glow.

161. celestial /sɪˈles.tɪəl/ – relating to the sky or heavens.

162. grateful /ˈɡreɪt.fəl/ – feeling thankful for something.

163. profound /prəˈfaʊnd/ – very deep or thoughtful.

164. dazzling /ˈdæz.lɪŋ/ – very bright and impressive.

165. visionary /ˈvɪʒ.ə.nɛ.ri/ – someone with original ideas about the future.

166. momentous /məˈmen.təs/ – very important or historic.

167. revelation /ˌrev.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ – a surprising fact or event that is revealed.

168. destined /ˈdes.tɪnd/ – certain to happen in the future.

169. exalted /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪd/ – raised in rank or status.

170. sovereign /ˈsɒv.rɪn/ – a ruler, especially a king or queen.

171. dignified /ˈdɪɡ.nɪ.faɪd/ – showing a serious, respectful attitude.

172. tranquil /ˈtræŋ.kwɪl/ – peaceful and calm.

173. glimmering /ˈɡlɪm.ərɪŋ/ – shining faintly.

174. dazzling /ˈdæz.lɪŋ/ – very bright and impressive.

175. revealed /rɪˈviːld/ – made something known or visible.

176. majesty /ˈmædʒ.ɪs.ti/ – royal dignity or grandeur.

177. exquisite /ɪkˈskwɪ.zɪt/ – very beautiful or finely made.

178. serenity /səˈren.ɪ.ti/ – peacefulness or calmness.

179. glorified /ˈɡlɔː.rɪ.faɪd/ – made to appear more important or impressive.

180. precious /ˈpreʃ.əs/ – valuable or loved.

181. immortal /ɪˈmɔː.təl/ – living forever.

182. enduring /ɪnˈdjʊə.rɪŋ/ – lasting for a long time.

183. glowing /ˈɡləʊɪŋ/ – shining with a soft, steady light.

184. ephemeral /ɪˈfɛm.ər.əl/ – lasting for only a short time.

185. embraced /ɪmˈbreɪst/ – held closely in a hug or welcomed.

186. treasured /ˈtreʒ.əd/ – greatly valued or cherished.

187. admired /ədˈmaɪəd/ – looked at with respect or appreciation.

188. devotion /dɪˈvəʊ.ʃən/ – strong loyalty or affection.

189. enlightened /ɪnˈlaɪ.tənd/ – having a clear understanding of something.

190. reverence /ˈrev.ər.əns/ – deep respect.

191. celebrated /ˈsel.ɪˌbreɪtɪd/ – known and praised widely.

192. enriched /ɪnˈrɪtʃt/ – made richer or better.

193. unveiling /ʌnˈveɪ.lɪŋ/ – revealing or showing something for the first time.

194. eternal /ɪˈtɜː.nəl/ – lasting forever.

195. radiance /ˈreɪ.dɪəns/ – light or brightness that shines out.

196. spiritual /ˈspɪr.ɪ.tjuː.əl/ – related to the soul or religious matters.

197. immortalized /ɪˈmɔː.təl.aɪzd/ – made famous forever.

198. royalty /ˈrɔɪ.əl.ti/ – the family of a king or queen.

199. shining /ˈʃaɪ.nɪŋ/ – glowing with light.

200. majestic /məˈdʒes.tɪk/ – grand, impressive, or royal.

Unit 15  

  Creature /ˈkriːtʃər/ - A living being, such as an animal or person.

  Temperatures /ˈtɛmpərətjʊrz/ - The degree of heat or cold.

  Layer /ˈleɪər/ - A thin sheet or level of something, like fat or skin.

  Habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ - The natural environment where an animal or plant lives.

  Ancestors /ˈænsɛstərz/ - People from your family who lived a long time ago.

  Freezing /ˈfriːzɪŋ/ - Extremely cold, usually below 0°C.

  Bush /bʊʃ/ - A large plant with many branches and leaves, often found in wild areas.

  Treasure /ˈtrɛʒər/ - Valuable items or things that are considered very important.

  Danger /ˈdeɪndʒər/ - The possibility of harm or injury.

  Living /ˈlɪvɪŋ/ - Being alive; not dead.

  Great /ɡreɪt/ - Large or impressive in size or quality.

  Thousands /ˈθaʊzəndz/ - A very large number; more than a million.

  Another /əˈnʌðər/ - One more, different from the one already mentioned.

  You /juː/ - Referring to the person or people being addressed.

  Decision /dɪˈsɪʒən/ - The act of choosing between options.

  Conservationists /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃənɪsts/ - People who work to protect the environment and wildlife.

  Species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - Groups of animals or plants that share common characteristics.

  Poaching /ˈpəʊtʃɪŋ/ - The illegal hunting or capturing of animals.

  Overfishing /ˌəʊvərˈfɪʃɪŋ/ - Catching too many fish from an area, which harms the fish population.

  Realised /ˈrɪəlaɪzd/ - To become aware of something or to understand it clearly.

  Environment /ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/ - The surroundings or conditions where a living thing exists.

  Global /ˈɡləʊbəl/ - Relating to the whole world.

  Warming /ˈwɔːmɪŋ/ - The increase in temperature of the Earth's atmosphere.

  Ice /aɪs/ - Frozen water.

  Caps /kæps/ - The upper part or covering of something, such as the ice on the poles.

  Extinct /ɪksˈtɪŋkt/ - No longer existing or living.

  Undiscovered /ˌʌndɪsˈkʌvərd/ - Not yet found or revealed.

  Biosphere /ˈbaɪəsfɪər/ - The regions of Earth where life exists, including land, water, and air.

  Greedy /ˈɡriːdi/ - Wanting more than what is needed, often selfishly.

  Silly /ˈsɪli/ - Lacking seriousness; foolish.

  Achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ - To successfully complete something or reach a goal.

  Support /səˈpɔːrt/ - To help or back something.

  Scientists /ˈsaɪəntɪsts/ - People who study or do research in a specific area of science.

  Solar /ˈsəʊlər/ - Related to the Sun.

  System /ˈsɪstəm/ - A group of related things or parts working together.

  Telescope /ˈtɛlɪskəʊp/ - An instrument for viewing distant objects in space.

  Oxygen /ˈɒksɪdʒən/ - A gas that is necessary for life and breathing.

  Water vapour /ˈwɔːtər ˈveɪpər/ - The gas form of water, usually found in the air.

  Process /ˈprəʊsɛs/ - A series of actions or steps taken to achieve something.

  Important /ɪmˈpɔːrtənt/ - Having great value or significance.

  Achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ - To accomplish or succeed in doing something.

  Available /əˈveɪləbl/ - Ready for use or accessible.

  Silly /ˈsɪli/ - Foolish or not serious.

  Movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ - The act of changing position or going from one place to another.

  Specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ - Clearly defined or identified.

  Ban /bæn/ - To officially stop something.

  Illegal /ɪˈliːɡəl/ - Against the law.

  Period /ˈpɪərɪəd/ - A length of time.

  Impressive /ɪmˈprɛsɪv/ - Making a strong impact or leaving a positive impression.

  Endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/ - At risk of becoming extinct.

  Habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbl/ - Suitable to live in.

  Species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of living things that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other.

  Vary /ˈvɛəri/ - To change or differ.

  Climate /ˈklaɪmɪt/ - The typical weather conditions in a certain area.

  Different /ˈdɪfərənt/ - Not the same as another.

  Surroundings /səˈraʊndɪŋz/ - The environment around a person or thing.

  Biosphere /ˈbaɪəsfɪər/ - All the living organisms on Earth and their environment.

  Tremendous /trɪˈmɛndəs/ - Very large or powerful.

  Unknown /ʌnˈnəʊn/ - Not familiar or recognized.

  Inaccessible /ˌɪnəkˈsɛsɪbəl/ - Not able to be reached or entered.

  Examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ - To inspect or look closely at something.

  Alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/ - A different option or choice.

  Accurate /ˈækjərət/ - Correct or precise.

  Habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ - The natural environment of an organism.

  Observations /əbˈzɜːveɪʃənz/ - Things noticed or observed.

  Considerable /kənˈsɪdərəbl/ - Large or important enough to be noticed.

  Realise /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ - To become aware or understand something.

  Threatened /ˈθrɛtnd/ - In danger of being harmed or destroyed.

  Pollution /pəˈluːʃən/ - The presence of harmful substances in the environment.

  Global /ˈɡləʊbəl/ - Relating to the whole world.

  Urgent /ˈɜːdʒənt/ - Requiring immediate attention.

  Species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of organisms that can interbreed.

  Fossil /ˈfɒsl/ - The preserved remains of ancient living things.

  Maintain /meɪnˈteɪn/ - To keep something in good condition.

  Diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/ - Very different from each other.

  Ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ - A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.

  Sustainable /səˈsteɪnəbl/ - Capable of being maintained without harming the environment.

  Nurture /ˈnɜːtʃər/ - To care for and encourage the growth of something.

  Restoration /ˌrɛstəˈreɪʃən/ - The process of returning something to its original state.

  Unique /juːˈniːk/ - One of a kind, special.

  Collapse /kəˈlæps/ - To fall down or fail suddenly.

  Toxic /ˈtɒksɪk/ - Poisonous or harmful.

  Preservation /ˌprɛzəˈveɪʃən/ - The act of keeping something in its original state.

  Imbalance /ɪmˈbælənc/ - Lack of equality or fairness.

  Natural /ˈnætʃərəl/ - Found in nature, not man-made.

  Pollute /pəˈluːt/ - To make the environment dirty or harmful.

  Emissions /ɪˈmɪʃənz/ - The release of gases or substances into the air or environment.

  Precious /ˈprɛʃəs/ - Valuable or highly important.

  Threat /θrɛt/ - A danger or warning of harm.

  Species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed.

  Significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ - Important or meaningful.

  Foundation /faʊnˈdeɪʃən/ - The base or starting point of something.

  Intervention /ˌɪntəˈvɛnʃən/ - The act of getting involved to change something.

  Reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrs/ - To strengthen or support something.

  Habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ - The place where an organism lives.

  Equilibrium /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm/ - A state of balance.

  Sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ - The ability to be maintained over time without causing harm.

  Extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ - The state of a species no longer existing.

  Recycling /ˌriːˈsaɪklɪŋ/ - The process of turning waste materials into reusable items.

  Conserve /kənˈsɜːv/ - To protect or save something from harm.

  vapor /ˈveɪpər/ - A gas that is formed when a liquid is heated or evaporates.

  suitable /ˈsuːtəbl/ - Right or appropriate for a particular purpose.

  habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbl/ - Able to be lived in.

  realised /ˈrɪəˌlaɪzd/ - Understood or became aware of something.

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of animals or plants that are the same in a certain way.

  extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ - No longer in existence.

  poaching /ˈpəʊtʃɪŋ/ - Illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals.

  overfishing /ˌəʊvəˈfɪʃɪŋ/ - Catching too many fish from the sea, lakes, or rivers.

  warming /ˈwɔːmɪŋ/ - The act of making something warmer or hotter.

  survive /sərˈvaɪv/ - To continue to live or exist despite difficult conditions.

  survival /sərˈvaɪvl/ - The state of continuing to live or exist.

  climate /ˈklaɪmət/ - The general weather conditions of a place over a long period of time.

  timber /ˈtɪmbər/ - Wood that is prepared for use in building.

  deforestation /ˌdiːˌfɔːrɪˈsteɪʃən/ - The action of clearing a forest to use the land for other purposes.

  biosphere /ˈbaɪəʊsfɪər/ - The global ecological system integrating all living things and their relationships.

  greedy /ˈɡriːdi/ - Wanting more of something than you need or deserve.

  silly /ˈsɪli/ - Foolish or lacking in common sense.

  protect /prəˈtɛkt/ - To keep something safe from harm or danger.

  precious /ˈprɛʃəs/ - Very valuable and important.

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of animals or plants that are the same and can reproduce together.

  habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ - The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

  banning /ˈbænɪŋ/ - Forbidding or stopping something from being done.

  telescope /ˈtɛlɪskəʊp/ - A device used for looking at distant objects like stars and planets.

  oxygen /ˈɒksɪdʒən/ - A gas that is in the air and needed by most living things to survive.

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

  discover /dɪsˈkʌvər/ - To find something for the first time.

  scientists /ˈsaɪəntɪsts/ - People who study or work in one of the sciences.

  difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ - Not easy to do, understand, or deal with.

  together /təˈɡɛðər/ - With other people or things.

  searching /ˈsɜːrtʃɪŋ/ - Looking for something carefully.

  understand /ˌʌndərˈstænd/ - To know or grasp the meaning of something.

  protecting /prəˈtɛktɪŋ/ - Keeping something safe or preventing harm.

  endangered /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/ - At risk of disappearing forever.

  environment /ɪnˈvaɪərənmənt/ - The natural world around us, including air, water, and land.

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A category of animals or plants that can interbreed and produce offspring.

  reproduce /ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/ - To produce offspring or new organisms.

  ancestors /ˈænsɛstərz/ - People from whom one is descended, typically over many generations.

  climate /ˈklaɪmət/ - The long-term weather conditions of a place.

  protection /prəˈtɛkʃən/ - The action of keeping something safe.

  search /sɜːrtʃ/ - To look for something.

  survival /sərˈvaɪvl/ - The act of continuing to live or exist.

  danger /ˈdeɪndʒər/ - The possibility of harm or injury.

  valuable /ˈvæljuəbl/ - Worth a lot of money or importance.

  unsustainable /ˌʌnsəˈsteɪnəbl/ - Not able to be maintained or continued without causing harm to the environment.

  timber /ˈtɪmbər/ - Wood that is used in building.

  cutting /ˈkʌtɪŋ/ - The act of breaking off or removing parts.

  planet /ˈplænɪt/ - A large round object that orbits a star, such as Earth.

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of organisms that can reproduce together and create offspring.

  species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ - A group of animals or plants that are of the same type.

121. arrangement /əˈreɪndʒmənt/ – a plan or preparation for something to happen

122. alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ – another choice or option

123. rapid /ˈræpɪd/ – happening very quickly

124. infection /ɪnˈfekʃən/ – the act of getting a disease

125. vaccination /ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃən/ – an injection to protect against a disease

126. specified /ˈspesɪfaɪd/ – clearly stated or mentioned

127. arrangements /əˈreɪndʒmənts/ – plans or preparations for something

128. alternative methods /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv ˈmeθədz/ – different ways of doing something

129. pre-scheduled /ˌpriːˈʃedjuːld/ – planned before a certain time

130. examinations /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃənz/ – tests to assess knowledge

131. public health /ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ/ – the health of the general population

132. safety standards /ˈseɪfti ˈstændədz/ – rules to keep people safe

133. notify /ˈnəʊtɪfaɪ/ – to inform someone officially

134. concerned /kənˈsɜːnd/ – worried or involved

135. ministry /ˈmɪnɪstri/ – a government department

136. closure /ˈkləʊʒə/ – the act of closing something

137. vacation /vəˈkeɪʃən/ – a break from work or school

138. universities /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsɪtiz/ – higher education institutions

139. conduct /ˈkɒndʌkt/ – to carry out or perform

140. standards /ˈstændədz/ – levels of quality or rules

141. bulletin board /ˈbʊlɪtɪn bɔːd/ – a board for displaying notices

142. locally /ˈləʊkəli/ – in a nearby area

143. available /əˈveɪləbəl/ – ready for use

144. materials /məˈtɪəriəlz/ – items needed for a task

145. paste /peɪst/ – to stick something onto a surface

146. notices /ˈnəʊtɪsɪz/ – written announcements

147. connectives /kəˈnektɪvz/ – words that link sentences

148. transition words /trænˈzɪʃən wɜːdz/ – words that show change or movement in ideas

149. function /ˈfʌŋkʃən/ – the purpose of something

150. reason /ˈriːzən/ – why something happens

151. adding /ˈædɪŋ/ – putting things together

152. cause and effect /kɔːz ənd ɪˈfekt/ – what makes something happen and the result

153. comparing /kəmˈpeərɪŋ/ – looking at similarities

154. contrasting /kənˈtrɑːstɪŋ/ – looking at differences

155. emphasizing /ˈemfəsaɪzɪŋ/ – giving special importance

156. illustrating /ˈɪləstreɪtɪŋ/ – showing with examples

157. qualifying /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪɪŋ/ – adding more detail

158. sequencing /ˈsiːkwənsɪŋ/ – putting in order

159. next /nekst/ – coming immediately after

160. then /ðen/ – after that

161. first /fɜːst/ – before anything else

162. second /ˈsekənd/ – after the first

163. finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ – at the end

164. meanwhile /ˈmiːnwaɪl/ – at the same time

165. after /ˈɑːftə/ – later in time

166. despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ – even though

167. unless /ənˈles/ – except if

168. except /ɪkˈsept/ – not including

169. apart from /əˈpɑːt frəm/ – excluding

170. yet /jet/ – but at the same time

171. as long as /əz lɒŋ əz/ – provided that

172. in contrast /ɪn ˈkɒntrɑːst/ – showing difference

173. otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/ – if not

174. unlike /ʌnˈlaɪk/ – different from

175. instead of /ɪnˈsted ɒv/ – in place of

176. whereas /weərˈæz/ – while on the other hand

177. even though /ˈiːvən ðəʊ/ – despite the fact

178. furthermore /ˈfɜːðəˈmɔː/ – in addition

179. moreover /mɔːrˈəʊvə/ – also

180. besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ – in addition to

181. in addition /ɪn əˈdɪʃən/ – also

182. equally /ˈiːkwəli/ – in the same way

183. similarly /ˈsɪmələli/ – in a similar way

184. likewise /ˈlaɪkwaɪz/ – also

185. as with /əz wɪð/ – like

186. as compared with /əz kəmˈpeəd wɪð/ – in comparison to

187. above all /əˈbʌv ɔːl/ – most importantly

188. in particular /ɪn pəˈtɪkjələ/ – especially

189. especially /ɪˈspeʃəli/ – particularly

190. significantly /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəntli/ – in an important way

191. indeed /ɪnˈdiːd/ – truly

192. notably /ˈnəʊtəbli/ – especially

193. most of all /məʊst əv ɔːl/ – more than anything

194. for example /fɔːr ɪɡˈzɑːmpl/ – such as

195. such as /sʌtʃ æz/ – for instance

196. for instance /fɔːr ˈɪnstəns/ – for example

197. as revealed by /əz rɪˈviːld baɪ/ – shown by

198. in the case of /ɪn ðə ke

Unit 16  

  growing /ˈɡrəʊ.ɪŋ/ – becoming older or bigger

  weight /weɪt/ – how heavy something or someone is

  cheered /tʃɪəd/ – supported by shouting happily

  college /ˈkɒl.ɪdʒ/ – school after high school

  post-college /ˌpəʊstˈkɒl.ɪdʒ/ – after finishing college

  gaining /ˈɡeɪ.nɪŋ/ – getting more of something

  stressed /strest/ – feeling worried or under pressure

  consistently /kənˈsɪs.tənt.li/ – happening regularly in the same way

  thrilled /θrɪld/ – very excited or happy

  holistic /həʊˈlɪs.tɪk/ – thinking about all parts of life together

  lifestyle /ˈlaɪf.staɪl/ – the way a person lives

  transition /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/ – a change from one thing to another

  deodorant /diˈəʊ.dər.ənt/ – a product that stops body smell

  branch /brɑːntʃ/ – a part or section of something

  trend /trend/ – something that becomes popular

  eliminating /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪ.tɪŋ/ – removing

  dairy /ˈdeə.ri/ – milk or foods made from milk

  protein /ˈprəʊ.tiːn/ – nutrient that builds muscles

  strict /strɪkt/ – very firm or exact

  individual /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪdʒ.u.əl/ – a single person

  lifestyle /ˈlaɪf.staɪl/ – the way someone lives

  cut /kʌt/ – remove or take away

  surprised /səˈpraɪzd/ – felt something unexpected

  Whole30 /ˈhəʊl ˈθɜː.ti/ – a specific food plan

  stomach ache /ˈstʌm.ək eɪk/ – pain in the belly

  headache /ˈhed.eɪk/ – pain in the head

  energy /ˈen.ə.dʒi/ – strength to do things

  acid reflux /ˈæs.ɪd ˈriː.flʌks/ – burning feeling from the stomach

  beans /biːnz/ – edible seeds in pods

  chickpeas /ˈtʃɪk.piːz/ – round pale yellow beans

  abundance /əˈbʌn.dəns/ – a large amount

  incorporate /ɪnˈkɔː.pər.eɪt/ – add or include

  options /ˈɒp.ʃənz/ – choices

  vegan /ˈviː.ɡən/ – someone who does not eat animal products

  audience /ˈɔː.di.əns/ – a group of people watching

  clapped /klæpt/ – hit hands together to show enjoyment

  verbs /vɜːbz/ – action words in grammar

  tenses /ˈten.sɪz/ – time forms of verbs

  completely /kəmˈpliːt.li/ – totally

  serving /ˈsɜː.vɪŋ/ – giving food

  perhaps /pəˈhæps/ – maybe

  correct /kəˈrekt/ – right or accurate

  customer /ˈkʌs.tə.mər/ – someone who buys something

  order /ˈɔː.dər/ – ask for something to be made or brought

  listening /ˈlɪs.ən.ɪŋ/ – paying attention to sound

  shelter /ˈʃel.tər/ – a place that covers or protects

  layers /ˈleɪ.əz/ – levels or coverings

  slowly /ˈsləʊ.li/ – not quickly

  situation /ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/ – a set of events or conditions

  paragraph /ˈpær.ə.ɡrɑːf/ – a group of sentences about one idea

  uproot /ʌpˈruːt/ – pull something out of the ground

  impossible /ɪmˈpɒs.ə.bəl/ – not able to be done

  thumb /θʌm/ – short thick finger

  forefinger /ˈfɔːˌfɪŋ.ɡər/ – finger next to the thumb

  historical /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/ – about the past

  event /ɪˈvent/ – something that happens

  papyrus /pəˈpaɪ.rəs/ – ancient paper-like material

  Egyptians /ɪˈdʒɪp.ʃənz/ – people from Egypt

  reed /riːd/ – tall plant from wet areas

  tubular /ˈtjuː.bjʊ.lər/ – shaped like a tube

  bamboo /bæmˈbuː/ – tall plant with hollow stems

  nib /nɪb/ – tip of a pen

  fluid /ˈfluː.ɪd/ – liquid

  squeeze /skwiːz/ – press to force something out

  centuries /ˈsen.tʃər.iz/ – hundreds of years

  quill /kwɪl/ – a writing pen made from a feather

  Seville /səˈvɪl/ – a city in Spain

  feathers /ˈfeð.əz/ – soft covering on birds

  swans /swɒnz/ – large white birds

  geese /ɡiːs/ – plural of goose

  oils /ɔɪlz/ – natural fats

  interact /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/ – work with or affect

  sharpen /ˈʃɑː.pən/ – make something pointy

  tip /tɪp/ – the end of something

  dipping /ˈdɪp.ɪŋ/ – putting into liquid briefly

  shaft /ʃɑːft/ – long narrow part of something

  reservoir /ˈrez.ə.vwɑːr/ – container for storing liquid

  durable /ˈdjʊə.rə.bəl/ – strong and lasting

  capital /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl/ – big letters

  lowercase /ˈləʊ.ə.keɪs/ – small letters

  Birmingham /ˈbɜː.mɪŋ.əm/ – a city in England

  machine-made /məˈʃiːn meɪd/ – made by a machine

  steel-point /stiːl pɔɪnt/ – metal tip

  dip pen /dɪp pen/ – pen dipped into ink

  scale /skeɪl/ – size or level

  frustrating /frʌˈstreɪ.tɪŋ/ – annoying

  fountain pen /ˈfaʊn.tɪn pen/ – pen with built-in ink

  patented /ˈpeɪ.təntɪd/ – legally protected

  inventor /ɪnˈven.tər/ – someone who creates something new

  channel /ˈtʃæn.əl/ – a passage or path

  transportable /trænsˈpɔː.tə.bəl/ – easy to carry

  refillable /ˌriːˈfɪl.ə.bəl/ – can be filled again

  cartridges /ˈkɑː.trɪ.dʒɪz/ – containers for ink

  plastic /ˈplæs.tɪk/ – man-made material

  wood /wʊd/ – material from trees

  ballpoint /ˈbɔːl.pɔɪnt/ – pen with a small rolling ball

  smudging /ˈsmʌdʒ.ɪŋ/ – making messy marks

  rotate /rəʊˈteɪt/ – turn in a circle

  distribute /dɪˈstrɪ.bjuːt/ – give out

  chemist /ˈkem.ɪst/ – a person who studies chemicals

  dye /daɪ/ – color substance

  trigger /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ – start something suddenly

  reliable /rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bəl/ – trustworthy or dependable

  crystal /ˈkrɪs.təl/ – clear glass or rock

  popularity /ˌpɒp.jəˈlær.ə.ti/ – being liked by many people

  invention /ɪnˈven.ʃən/ – a new creation or device

  innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ – a new and better idea or method

  replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ – take the place of

  traditional /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/ – following old customs

  marker /ˈmɑː.kər/ – a type of pen used for drawing

  permanent /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt/ – lasting a long time

  erasable /ɪˈreɪ.zə.bəl/ – able to be removed

  whiteboard /ˈwaɪt.bɔːd/ – smooth board for writing

  design /dɪˈzaɪn/ – the way something is made

  experiment /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/ – a test or trial

  improve /ɪmˈpruːv/ – make better

  mechanical /məˈkæn.ɪ.kəl/ – related to machines

  parts /pɑːts/ – pieces of something

  graphite /ˈɡræf.aɪt/ – a form of carbon used in pencils

  press /pres/ – to push something

  ruler /ˈruː.lər/ – a tool to measure or draw lines

  compass /ˈkʌm.pəs/ – a tool for drawing circles

  circular /ˈsɜː.kjə.lər/ – round shape

  geometry /dʒiˈɒm.ə.tri/ – a type of math about shapes

  calculator /ˈkæl.kjə.leɪ.tər/ – machine for doing math

  allow /əˈlaʊ/ – let something happen

  equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ – a math sentence

  solve /sɒlv/ – find the answer

  display /dɪˈspleɪ/ – show something

  solar-powered /ˈsəʊ.lə ˌpaʊ.əd/ – using sunlight for energy

  battery /ˈbæt.ər.i/ – small object that gives power

  charging /ˈtʃɑː.dʒɪŋ/ – putting energy into a battery

  textbook /ˈtekst.bʊk/ – school book

  workbook /ˈwɜːk.bʊk/ – book with exercises

  chapter /ˈtʃæp.tər/ – a section of a book

  glossary /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/ – list of word meanings

  index /ˈɪn.deks/ – list of topics in a book

  highlight /ˈhaɪ.laɪt/ – mark something important

  underline /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪn/ – draw a line under words

  margin /ˈmɑː.dʒɪn/ – space at the edge of a page

  notebook /ˈnəʊt.bʊk/ – book for writing notes

  journal /ˈdʒɜː.nəl/ – a personal writing book

  assignment /əˈsaɪn.mənt/ – work given by a teacher

  due /djuː/ – expected or needed by a time

  revise /rɪˈvaɪz/ – review or change for improvement

  quiz /kwɪz/ – short test

  exam /ɪɡˈzæm/ – a big test

  grade /ɡreɪd/ – mark for school work

  feedback /ˈfiːd.bæk/ – comments to help improve

  correction /kəˈrek.ʃən/ – fixing a mistake

  mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ – something done wrong

  strategy /ˈstræt.ə.dʒi/ – a plan or method

  schedule /ˈʃed.juːl/ – a plan of times

  organize /ˈɔː.ɡə.naɪz/ – keep things in order

  tidy /ˈtaɪ.di/ – clean and neat

  clutter /ˈklʌt.ər/ – messy things

  backpack /ˈbæk.pæk/ – bag worn on the back

  stationery /ˈsteɪ.ʃən.ər.i/ – paper, pens, and other supplies

  eraser /ɪˈreɪ.zər/ – rubber for removing pencil

  sharpener /ˈʃɑː.pən.ər/ – tool to make pencils sharp

  glue /ɡluː/ – sticky substance

  scissors /ˈsɪz.əz/ – tool for cutting

  stapler /ˈsteɪ.plər/ – tool for attaching papers

  binder /ˈbaɪn.dər/ – folder to keep papers

  divider /dɪˈvaɪ.dər/ – part that separates sections

  file /faɪl/ – a folder for papers

  document /ˈdɒk.jə.mənt/ – a written paper

  digital /ˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.təl/ – using technology

  device /dɪˈvaɪs/ – a small machine

  tablet /ˈtæb.lət/ – flat touchscreen computer

  keyboard /ˈkiː.bɔːd/ – set of keys for typing

  monitor /ˈmɒn.ɪ.tər/ – computer screen

  speaker /ˈspiː.kər/ – device that plays sound

  headphone /ˈhed.fəʊn/ – worn to listen to sound

  microphone /ˈmaɪ.krə.fəʊn/ – tool to record sound

  software /ˈsɒft.weər/ – computer programs

  application /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ – software program

  browser /ˈbraʊ.zər/ – program for internet use

  internet /ˈɪn.tə.net/ – world web of information

  online /ˈɒn.laɪn/ – on the internet

  upload /ʌpˈləʊd/ – send data to the internet

  download /ˈdaʊn.ləʊd/ – receive data from internet

  file name /ˈfaɪl neɪm/ – name of saved data

  folder /ˈfəʊl.dər/ – place to keep files

  shortcut /ˈʃɔːt.kʌt/ – quicker way

  login /ˈlɒɡ.ɪn/ – enter a system

  logout /ˈlɒɡ.aʊt/ – exit a system

  username /ˈjuː.zə.neɪm/ – account name

  password /ˈpɑːs.wɜːd/ – secret word for access

  access /ˈæk.ses/ – to reach or use

  account /əˈkaʊnt/ – user record

  settings /ˈset.ɪŋz/ – controls for how something works

  privacy /ˈprɪ.və.si/ – personal space or information

  permission /pəˈmɪʃ.ən/ – allowed to do something

  update /ʌpˈdeɪt/ – make newer

  backup /ˈbæk.ʌp/ – saved copy

  security /sɪˈkjʊə.rə.ti/ – safety from danger

  virus /ˈvaɪə.rəs/ – harmful computer program

  error /ˈer.ər/ – mistake

  fix /fɪks/ – to repair or correct

Unit 17  

Unit 18  

Unit 19