Theories of Learning

 Theories of Learning

1. Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

Learning through association (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs salivating to a bell).

B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning

Learning through reinforcement and punishment.

Edward Thorndike: Laws of Learning

Law of Effect, Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise.

2. Cognitivism

Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory

Stages:

Sensorimotor (birth–2 years): Learning through senses and actions.

Preoperational (2–7 years): Symbolic thinking, egocentrism.

Concrete Operational (7–11 years): Logical thinking, understanding conservation.

Formal Operational (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

Jerome Bruner: Discovery Learning

Learning is an active process where learners construct new concepts based on prior knowledge.

David Ausubel: Meaningful Learning Theory

Knowledge is best acquired when new information connects to existing knowledge.

3. Social and Contextual Learning

Lev Vygotsky: Social Constructivism

Key Concepts:

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a learner can do independently and with guidance.

Scaffolding: Temporary support provided by a teacher or peer.

Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory

Learning occurs by observing others (modeling).

Key Concepts: Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

4. Humanism

Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs

Learning is influenced by fulfilling basic needs:

Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-actualization.

Carl Rogers: Experiential Learning

Emphasizes self-directed learning, personal growth, and the role of the teacher as a facilitator.

5. Constructivism

John Dewey: Progressive Education

Learning is experiential and hands-on.

Education should connect to real-life experiences.

Maria Montessori: Montessori Method

Focus on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural psychological development.

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